2012 Page | 1 Design, Development and D emonstration of RC Airplanes This project paper demonstrates the construction of RC airplanes, the theories behind the flight of these miniature structures and the specifications of the components assembled in the designed RC plane. Author Name: Naresh.K Web Site: www.rcbuildfly.weebly.com Department of Aeronautical Sciences About our Book: This project book demonstrates the construction of RC airplanes, the theories behind the flight of these miniature structures and the specifications of the components assembled in the designed RC plane. This book is created to enable all those enthusiastic students, who are interested to create RC planes, to get an overview of the construction of miniature flying machines. This book also demonstrates the construction of water rocketry, paper planes and also real-time construction of flights or similar aerodynamic structures. Naresh.K B.E Aeronautical Engineer Rc Build Fly www.rcbuildfly.weebly.com 2 e 09003033595 g a P ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It’s my important duty to thank and submit my work to the divine feet of Pondy Mother and Aravindar, under whose blessings, love, protection and divine grace. Our heart full thanks to the almighty for all his blessings and love. The success chronicle of Rc Build Fly that we celebrating now would have been an improbable destiny without the constant guidance and support of a large number of people. We are extremely delighted to have this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude and salutations to all of them. I dedicate our sincere thanks to my beloved Dad R.Kumarasamy for his constant support and encouragement. I highly indebted to my Mom K.Kala who has been constantly inculcating us on various counts. I extend my special thanks to My Brother Muthukrishnan Kumarasamy (MSc Advanced Engineering Design) for his guidance and support throughout the project. I owe my deepest gratitude to my mentor Lect. V.Vinoth., whose inspirational speech, vision, guidance, support and training had transformed my life personally and enabled me to achieve huge success in this project. I‘m indebted sir. This paper is dedicated to my lovely grandparents for their infinite love, constant support, and this wonderful opportunity Finally I would like to take this opportunity to thank our friends N.Muthu Kumar, U.Naveen Kumar, K.Prakash for their endurance, patience and support in achieving my ambition. 3 e g a P Table of contents 1. Abstract………………………………………………………............... 6 2. Gist of theory………………………………………………….............. 6 3. General introduction……………………………………………........... 6 a. Aeronautics Definition…………………………………....……. 6 b. Rc airplane……………………………………………………… 6 c. Rc airplanes propulsion/ power plants…………………………. 7 d. Rc electric motors………………………………………………. 7 4. Parts of RC airplane…………………………………………………… 7 a. Fuselage………………………………………………………… 7 b. Wings…………………………………………………………… 7 c. Engine…………………………………………………………... 8 d. Engine cowl…………………………………………………….. 8 e. Propeller………………………………………………………… 8 f. Horizontal tail…………………………………………………... 8 g. Empennage……………………………………………………... 9 h. Vertical tail……………………………………………………. . 9 i. Spinner………………………………………………………….. 9 j. Ailerons………………………………………………………… 9 k. Flaps……………………………………………………………. 9 l. Elevators………………………………………………………... 9 m. Rudder………………………………………………………….. 9 n. Nose gear……………………………………………………….. 10 o. Main gear or landing gear……………………………………… 10 5. Basics of Aerodynamics………………………………………………. 10 6. Construction of RC airplane…………………………………………... 13 a. Airframes……………………………………………………….. 13 b. Plan – Layout of the model……………………………………... 13 c. Blocking wind ribs……………………………………………… 16 d. Fuselage………………………………………………………… 17 e. Wings…………………………………………………………… 18 f. Hatches…………………………………………………………. 19 g. Installations…………………………………………………….. 20 h. Hinges………………………………………………………….. 20 i. Special linkages………………………………………………... 21 j. The Propeller Installation………………………………………. 23 k. Battery Elimination Circuit (BEC)…………………………….. 23 4 e g a P 7. Adjustment Check List………………………………………………… 25 8. Glide…………………………………………………………………… 26 a. Aspect ratio affect on the stall angle of attack of RC airplane b. Aspect ratio affect on the wing lift coefficient of RC airplane c. Cg of RC airplane - how to check the center of gravity point of RC airplane d. How to check the RC airplane for structural strength before flying 9. Wing design Explanation……………………………………………… 28 10. Wing Design………………………………………………………….. 28 11. References Appendix Specifications of the components……………………………………………. 29 A. Fly sky fs-th9x 9ch transmitter………………………………………... 29 B. Setup…………………………………………………………………... 30 C. Flight testing…………………………………………………………... 30 D. Corrugated plastic / Coro polypropylene sheet……………………….. 30 E. Scorpion sii-2208-1100 v2 brushless motor…………………………... 31 F. Propeller……………………………………………………………….. 33 G. RC lithium polymer battery…………………………………………… 34 H. Grayson hobby 30amp brushless speed controller (esc)……………… 34 I. Hitec hs-55 micro servo………………………………………………. 35 J. Specification of UAV…………………………………………………. 36 K. Photos of our UAV……………………………………………………. 37 L. External view of an UAV………………………………………………38 Water Rocketry………………………………………………………………. 39 A. Operation………………………………………………………………. 39 B. Multi bottle rockets……………………………………………………. 41 C. Two multi bottle rockets………………………………………………. 41 D. Sources of gas…………………………………………………………. 42 E. Nozzles………………………………………………………………… 42 F. Fins…………………………………………………………………...... 43 G. Water rocketry competition…………………………………………… 44 5 H. Conclution……………………………………………………………... 47 eg a P Department of Aeronautical Sciences Miniature RC Planes The sis hom epage: w ww.rcb uildfly.w eebly.c om Design, Development and Demonstration an of RC Airpl ane Naresh.K ABSTRACT The essence of the intense theory models of the aeronautical study could be apprehended with the hands-on experience on the real-time co nstruction of flights or similar aerodynamic structures. So a new project was launched to design, develop and operate an RC airplane. This project book demonstrates the construction of R C airplanes, the theories behind the flight of these miniature structures and the specifications of the components assembled in the designed RC plane. This paper is created to enable all those enthusiastic students, who are interested to create RC planes, to get an overview of the construction of miniature flying machines. The electronic components are readily available in the market as a ready-to-install sets. So this book assumes that explaining the intricate details of electric circuits as absurd. But all possible efforts have been made to explain the detailed mechanical and aerodynamic properties of the RC airplane. The model was constructed and was exhibited and demonstrated in an international technical festival held at IIT, Bombay. This model won the best design award for the year and made a successful flight at the event. Gist of theory General introduction Aeronautics Definition Aeronautics is the study of the science of flight. Aeronautics is the method of designing an airplane or other flying machine. There are four basic areas that aeronautical engineers must understand in order to be able to design planes. To design a plane, engineers must understand all of these elements. RC Airplane RC planes are small model radio-controlled airplanes that fly using electric motor, gas powered IC engines or small model jet engines. The RC Airplanes are flown remotely with the help of a transmitter with joysticks that can be used to fly the aircraft and perform different maneuvers. The transmitter comes also with a receiver which is installed inside the Model RC Airplanes which receives the commands send by the transmitter and controls servos. The servos are small motors which are mechanically linked to the control surfaces e.g., ailerons for roll control, elevator for pitch control and rudder for yaw control. The servos moves the control rods (which 6 are small rods that connect the servo to different flight control e.g. to elevator etc) which in turn e g moves the control surface be it elevator, flaps, aileron or rudder. An RC Airplane can be a P controlled in flight by using the transmitter from where you can control pitch, yaw and roll of your RC Airplane and you can also control the throttle settings. The receiver which accepts the transmitter signal and the servos attached to it are run on rechargeable batteries. Most popular rechargeable batteries for RC Airplanes use include Ni-Cad (Nickel Cadmium) and Li-Po (Lithium Polymer). Lithium Polymer lasts longer and more powerful than there Ni-Cad counterparts but a bit more expensive. RC Airplanes Propulsion/ Power plants RC Airplanes fly using either electric motor as propulsion device or IC (internal combustion) gas powered engines or small model jet Engines. RC Electric Motors Electric motors are most used in many model RC Airplanes because of the ease in use. Electric Motors give the advantage of low-cost, easy to use. The throttle of electric motors is controlled using a speed controller which comes with the motor. The speed controller lead is connected to the receiver. The transmitter than can control the throttle of electric motor just as other controls. Parts of RC Airplane The parts of the RC Airplane include, Fuselage Fuselage is the main structural element of the RC Airplane or the body of the RC Airplane. The Wing, Horizontal and Vertical Tail are connected to the fuselage. The Engine is also mounted to the fuselage. The fuselage is made up of bulk-heads. The bulk-heads are structural members which give strength and rigidity to the fuselage, support load and weight of the RC Airplane. The Engine bulk-head is made relatively stronger as compared to other bulk-heads of RC Airplane fuselage because it carriers the load of the engine as well as encounters vibrations during engine operation so it must be strong to resist all the loads. The nose gear and main landing gear are also connected to the fuselage. The fuselage also houses all the electronic components necessary for RC Airplane flight including ESC (electronic speed controller) in case of electric RC Airplane, Receiver, Servos, Batteries and fuel tank in case of gas powered RC Airplane. External or internal payloads are also carried inside the fuselage. The fuselage can be used to connect an external camera for example or to carry some payload inside the RC Airplane. Wings Wings are the main lifting body of the RC Airplane providing the lift necessary for RC Airplane flight. The wing provides lift because of its aerodynamic shape which creates a pressure differential causing lift. If a cross-section of the wing is cut, a shape or profile is visible which is called an airfoil. Airfoil shape is the key to the wings ability to provide lift and is airfoil selection and design is an important criterion in the design of RC Airplanes. The front most edge of the wing is known as leading edge and the aft most edge of the wing is known as the trailing edge. There are typically three kinds of airfoils which are used on RC Airplanes namely, symmetrical 7 e g a P airfoils, semi-symmetrical airfoils and heavily cambered airfoils. On the wing are mounted the flaps and ailerons. Engine Engine is the main power-plant of RC Airplane. The power-plant of RC Airplanes can be electric motor, internal combustion gas engines and jet engines. The engine is mounted on the RC Airplanes and provides thrust to the RC Airplanes. Thrust is the forward force necessary for flight. The engines run a propeller. Engine Cowl Engine Cowl is the external covering made of fiberglass or plastic material to protect the engine from debris from the ground during takeoff and landing. The engine also makes the RC Airplane more aerodynamically clean. Propeller The propeller is basically a wing section made of airfoil sections just like a wing but it is twisted along the span. The propeller is mounted to the engine in propeller driven RC airplanes. Jet engine RC Airplanes don’t have a propeller and generates thrust by means of the jet engine. Horizontal Tail The horizontal tail or the horizontal stabilizer provides pitch control to the RC Airplane. Elevator is mounted on the horizontal stabilizer or horizontal tail of RC Airplanes. Normally, the Horizontal tail is set at a -1 degree angle of attack (AOA) relative to the wing. 8 e g a P Empennage Horizontal and Vertical tail are collectively known as the empennage of RC Airplanes Vertical Tail The Vertical tail or the vertical stabilizer provides the yaw control to the RC Airplanes. Rudder is mounted to the vertical tail or vertical stabilizer of the RC Airplanes. Spinner A spinner is used to house the central hub of the propeller and makes the RC Airplane more aerodynamically efficient. Ailerons Ailerons are roll-control control surfaces of the RC Airplanes. Ailerons provide roll by moving in opposite direction to each other. When one aileron moves down the other moves up thus providing more lift on one side as oppose to the other causing the RC Airplane to roll. Ailerons are at the trailing edge of RC Airplane wing and towards the wing tips. Flaps Flaps provide additional lift to the RC Airplane by increasing the maximum lift coefficient of RC Airplanes. The flaps can be used to increase the lift during landing and take-off to better take advantage of the ground effect. The flaps move simultaneously. When both flaps move down it is known as flaps-down and increases lift of the wing. When flaps move up it is known as flaps- up. Sometimes, flaps are designed so that they only move down or come to the neutral position and not move up. Elevators Elevators are the pitch-control control surfaces of the RC Airplanes. Elevators provide pitch control by moving either up or down simultaneously causing the airplane to pitch about the center of gravity of RC Airplane. When elevator is moved up the nose of the airplane rises and is known as pitch up. When the elevator is moved down the nose of the RC Airplane moves down and is known as pitch down. Rudder Rudder is the yaw-control control surface of the RC Airplanes. Rudder provides yaw control by moving to either side be it left or right. The rudder yaws the RC Airplane about the center of gravity cg of RC Airplane causing the RC Airplane nose to move right or to move left. A right rudder maneuver causes the RC Airplane to move to the right. A left rudder maneuver causes the RC Airplane to the left. 9 e g a P Nose Gear Nose gear is a member of the landing gear set on a typical conventional RC Airplane configuration. The nose gear is used to steer the RC Airplane nose to move RC Airplane right or left when on the ground. The servo which connects the nose gear is also connected to the rudder. So, the direction in which the rudder moves the nose gear also follows that direction. During takeoff the nose gear is used to steer the RC Airplane so that RC Airplane is centered to the runway. Without a steerable nose gear it is not possible to maneuver/ move on the ground without manually moving it. With a steerable nose gear the RC Airplane can be moved on the ground. Main Gear or Landing Gear The main gear or landing gear is the main landing wheels of the RC Airplanes which takes the entire RC Airplane. Main gear have to be strong and yet flexible enough to provide safe takeoff and landing to RC Airplane. A rigid inflexible landing gear can damage the RC Airplane structure as the entire weight / reaction force would be carried by the fuselage. So, in order to avoid this landing gears are designed to be strong yet flexible enough so they bend slightly during landing or takeoff to disperse the load and provides safe and smooth landing. Landing gear or Main gears consist of a pair of wheels which are generally larger in diameter as compared to the nose gear wheel. The landing gear wheels are not steerable. BASIC AERODYNAMICS The understanding of the principles of flights is important in understanding also what happens to the model during the various stages of its flight. We are unfortunate enough to crash a model through a flying error it is important to know why it is crashed, so that we can avoid making the same mistake again. It is not intended to pursue the detailed aerodynamics for design models, etc., but sufficient flies and what effect controls surfaces have. Let us first consider how an airplane stays up in the air. Although it seems to be the general view that the airplane is held in the air by the action of the propeller, it is of course, the wings that create the lift to suspend the aircraft. Now if we look at the side elevation of the model in figure, we can see that the wing is set at slight angle, with the leading edge slightly higher than the trailing. When the model is being propelled forward in straight and level flight in the air, when it reaches the leading edge of the wing, has to divide, some passing over the top of the wing and some underneath. The air passing beneath the wing is forced downwards, owing to the angle of incidence and because it is now in an area of relative pressure, tends to push the wing upwards. Over the top of the wing there is, because of the angle of incidence and the camber of the upper wing surface, an increase in the speed of the airflow, causing an area of relatively low pressure, thus sucking the wing upwards. The combination of the area of high pressure pushing upwards and the low pressure over the wing sucking it upwards are together known as lift. About two- 0 1 thirds of the wings total lift is created by the top surface of the wing and one-third from the e airflow over the airflow over the lower surface. g a P