U.S. Department of Transportation Publication No. FHWA-NHI-16-009 Federal Highway Administration FHWA GEC 012 – Volume I July 2016 NHI Courses No. 132021 and 132022 Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations – Volume I Developed following: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 7th Edition, 2014,with 2015 Interim. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, 3rd Edition, 2010, with ‘11, ‘12, ’13, ‘14, and ‘15 Interims. NOTICE The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers′ names appear herein only to illustrate methods and procedures, and are considered essential to the objective of this document. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. FHWA-NHI-16-009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 12 – Volume I July 2016 Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Patrick J. Hannigan, PE, Frank Rausche, PhD, PE, REPORT NO. Garland E. Likins, PE, Brent R. Robinson, PhD, PE, and Matthew L. Becker, EI. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. Ryan R. Berg & Associates, Inc. 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 2190 Leyland Alcove DTFH61-11-D-00049 Woodbury, MN 55125 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD National Highway Institute COVERED U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC 20590 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES FHWA COTR: Heather Shelsta FHWA Technical Working Group: Naser Abu-Hejlah, PhD, PE; Scott Anderson, PE; and Silas Nichols, PE 16. ABSTRACT This document presents information on the analysis, design, and construction of driven pile foundations for highway structures. This document updates and replaces FHWA NHI-05-042 and FHWA NHI-05-043 as the primary FHWA guidance and reference document on driven pile foundations. The manual addresses design aspects including subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, pile selection, aspects of geotechnical and structural limit states, as well as technical specifications. Construction aspects including static load tests, dynamic tests, rapid load tests, wave equation analyses, dynamic formulas and development of driving criteria, as well as pile driving equipment, pile driving accessories, and monitoring of pile installation inspection are also covered. Step by step procedures are included for most analysis procedures and design examples. 17. KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Driven pile foundations, foundation economics, site No restrictions. characterization, geomaterial properties, axial compression resistance, axial tension resistance, lateral resistance, pile groups, specifications, nominal resistance determination tests, construction monitoring and quality assurance. 19. SECURITY CLASSIF. 20. SECURITY CLASSIF. 21. NO. OF PAGES 22. PRICE Unclassified Unclassified 517 CONVERSION FACTORS Approximate Conversions to SI Units Approximate Conversions from SI Units When You Know Multiply By To Find When You Know Multiply By To Find (a) Length inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) millimeter (mm) 0.039 inch (in.) foot (ft) 0.305 meter (m) meter (m) 3.28 foot (ft) yard (yd) 0.914 meter (m) meter (m) 1.09 yard (yd) mile (mi) 1.61 kilometer (km) kilometer (km) 0.621 mile (mi) (b) Area square inches (in2) 645.2 square millimeters (mm2) square millimeters (mm2) 0.0016 square inches (in2) square feet (ft2) 0.093 square meters (m2) square meters (m2) 10.764 square feet (ft2) Acres (ac) 0.405 hectares (ha) hectares (ha) 2.47 Acres (ac) square miles (mi2) 2.59 square kilometers (km2) square kilometers (km2) 0.386 square miles (mi2) square inches (in2) 645.2 square millimeters (mm2) square millimeters (mm2) 0.0016 square inches (in2) (c) Volume fluid ounces (oz) 29.57 milliliters (mL) milliliters (mL) 0.034 fluid ounces (oz) Gallons (gal) 3.785 liters (L) liters (L) 0.264 Gallons (gal) cubic feet (ft3) 0.028 cubic meters (m3) cubic meters (m3) 35.32 cubic feet (ft3) cubic yards (yd3) 0.765 cubic meters (m3) cubic meters (m3) 1.308 cubic yards (yd3) (d) Mass ounces (oz) 28.35 grams (g) grams (g) 0.035 ounces pounds (lb) 0.454 kilograms (kg) kilograms (kg) 2.205 pounds short tons (2000 lb) (T) 0.907 megagrams (tonne) (Mg) megagrams (tonne) (Mg) 1.102 short tons (2000 lb) (e) Force pound (lb) 4.448 Newton (N) Newton (N) 0.2248 pound (lb) (f) Pressure, Stress, Modulus of Elasticity pounds per square foot (psf) 47.88 Pascals (Pa) Pascals (Pa) 0.021 pounds per square foot (psf) pounds per square inch (psi) 6.895 kiloPascals (kPa) kiloPascals (kPa) 0.145 pounds per square inch (psi) (g) Density kilograms per cubic meter kilograms per cubic meter pounds per cubic foot (pcf) 16.019 0.0624 pounds per cubic feet (pcf) (kgm3) (kgm3) (h) Temperature Fahrenheit temperature (oF) 5/9(oF- 32) Celsius temperature (oC) Celsius temperature (oC) 9/5(oC)+ 32 Fahrenheit temperature (oF) Notes: A compliant version can be found here: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/convtabl.cfm 1) The primary metric (SI) units used in civil engineering are meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), Newton (N), and Pascal (Pa=N/m2). 2) In a "soft" conversion, an English measurement is mathematically converted to its exact metric equivalent. 3) In a "hard" conversion, a new rounded metric number is created that is convenient to work with and remember. PREFACE The purpose of this manual is to provide updated, state-of-the-practice information for the design and construction of driven pile foundations in accordance with the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) platform. Engineers and contractors have been designing and installing pile foundations for many years. During the past three decades, the industry has experienced several major improvements including newer and more accurate methods of predicting and measuring geotechnical resistance, vast improvements in design software, highly specialized and sophisticated equipment for pile driving, and improved methods of construction control. Previous editions of the FHWA Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations manual were published 1985, 1996, and 2006 and chronicle the many changes in design and construction practice over the past 30 years. This two volume edition, GEC-12, serves as the FHWA reference document for highway projects involving driven pile foundations. Volume I, FHWA-NHI-16-009, covers the foundation selection process, site characterization, geotechnical design parameters and reporting, selection of pile type, geotechnical aspects of limit state design, and structural aspects of limits state design. Volume II, FHWA-NHI-16-010, addresses static load tests, dynamic testing and signal matching, rapid load testing, wave equation analysis, dynamic formulas, contract documents, pile driving equipment, pile accessories, driving criteria, and construction monitoring. Comprehensive design examples are presented in publication FHWA-NHI-16-064. Throughout this manual, numerous references will be made to the names of software or technology that are proprietary to a specific manufacturer or vendor. Please note that the FHWA does not endorse or approve commercially available products, and is very sensitive to the perceptions of endorsement or preferred approval of commercially available products used in transportation applications. Our goal with this development is to provide recommended technical guidance for the safe design and construction of driven pile foundations that reflects the current state of practice and provides information on advances and innovations in the industry. To accomplish this, it is necessary to illustrate methods and procedures for design and construction of driven pile foundations. Where proprietary products are described in text or figures, it is only for this purpose. The primary audience for this document is: agency and consulting engineers specialized in geotechnical and structural design of highway structures; engineering geologists and consulting engineers providing technical reviews, or who are engaged in the design, procurement, and construction of driven pile foundations This document is also intended for management, specification and contracting specialists, as well as for construction engineers interested in design and contracting aspects of driven pile systems. This document draws material from the three earlier FHWA publications in this field; FHWA-DP-66-1 by Vanikar (1985), FHWA HI 97-013 and FHWA HI 97-014 by Hannigan et al. (1998), and FHWA NHI-05-042 and FHWA NHI-05-043 by Hannigan et al. (2006). Photographs without specific acknowledgement in this two volume document are from these previous editions, their associated training courses, or from the consulting practice of GRL Engineers, Inc. The following individuals were part of the Ryan R. Berg & Associates internal peer review team and are acknowledged for their technical advice and contributions to this version of the document: Mr. Jerry DiMaggio – Applied Research Associates, Inc. Mr. Van E. Komurka – Wagner Komurka Geotechnical Group, Inc. Mr. Billy Camp – S&ME, Inc. Dr. Brian Anderson – Auburn University