Descriptors for Fig Ficus carica List of Descriptors Allium (E,S) 2000 Pearl millet (E,F) 1993 Almond (revised) * (E) 1985 Phaseolus acutifolius (E) 1985 Apple * (E) 1982 Phaseolus coccineus * (E) 1983 Apricot * (E) 1984 Phaseolus vulgaris * (E,P) 1982 Avocado (E,S) 1995 Pigeonpea (E) 1993 Bambara groundnut (E,F) 2000 Pineapple (E) 1991 Banana (E,S,F) 1996 Pistacia (excluding Pistacia vera) (E) 1998 Barley (E) 1994 Pistachio (E,F,A,R) 1997 Beta (E) 1991 Plum * (E) 1985 Black pepper (E,S) 1995 Potato variety * (E) 1985 Brassica and Raphanus (E) 1990 Quinua * (E) 1981 Brassica campestris L. (E) 1987 Rice * (E) 1980 Buckwheat (E) 1994 Rocket (E,I) 1999 Capsicum * (E,S) 1995 Rye and Triticale * (E) 1985 Cardamom (E) 1994 Safflower * (E) 1983 Carrot (E,S,F) 1999 Sesame * (E) 1981 Cashew * (E) 1986 Setaria italica Cherry * (E) 1985 and S. pumilia (E) 1985 Chickpea (E) 1993 Sorghum (E,F) 1993 Citrus (E,F,S) 1999 Soyabean * (E,C) 1984 Coconut (E) 1992 Strawberry (E) 1986 Coffee (E,S,F) 1996 Sunflower * (E) 1985 Cotton * (Revised) (E) 1985 Sweet potato (E,S,F) 1991 Cowpea * (E) 1983 Taro (E,F,S) 1999 Cultivated potato * (E) 1977 Tea (E,S,F) 1997 Echinochloa millet * (E) 1983 Tomato (E, S, F) 1996 Eggplant (E,F) 1990 Tropical fruit * (E) 1980 Faba bean * (E) 1985 Vigna aconitifolia Finger millet * (E) 1985 and V. trilobata (E) 1985 Forage grass * (E) 1985 Vigna mungo Forage legumes * (E) 1984 and V. radiata (Revised) * (E) 1985 Grapevine (E,S,F) 1997 Walnut (E) 1994 Groundnut (E,S,F) 1992 Wheat (Revised) * (E) 1985 Jackfruit (E) 2000 Wheat and Aegilops * (E) 1978 Kodo millet * (E) 1983 White Clover (E) 1992 Lathyrus spp. (E) 2000 Winged Bean * (E) 1979 Lentil * (E) 1985 Xanthosoma * (E) 1989 Lima bean * (E,P) 1982 Yam (E,S,F) 1997 Litchi 2002 Lupin * (E,S) 1981 Maize (E,S,F, P) 1991 IPGRI publications are available free of charge to the Mango (E) 1989 libraries of genebanks, university departments, Medicago (Annual) * (E,F) 1991 research institutions, etc. in the developing world. E, F, S, C, P, I, R and A indicate English, French, Mung bean * (E) 1980 Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, Italian, Russian and Oat * (E) 1985 Arabic respectively. Titles marked with an asterisk are Oca * (S) 2001 out of print, but are available as Adobe Acrobat Oil palm (E) 1989 portable document format (PDF) on request (send Panicum miliaceum email to: Descriptors for Fig Ficus carica ii Fig The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. It is one of 16 Future Harvest Centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. IPGRI has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through three programmes: (1) the Plant Genetic Resources Programme, (2) the CGIAR Genetic Resources Support Programme and (3) the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2003, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Financial support for IPGRI’s research is provided by more than 150 donors, including governments, private foundations and international organizations. For details of donors and research activities please see IPGRI’s Annual Reports, which are available in printed form on request from iii IPGRI CIHEAM via dei Tre Denari 472/a Secrétariat Général 00057 Maccarese 11, rue Newton Rome 75116 PARIS Italy France © International Plant Genetic Resources Institute 2003 iv Fig v CONTENTS PREFACE vii DEFINITIONS AND USE OF THE DESCRIPTORS 1 PASSPORT 4 1. Accession descriptors 4 2. Collecting descriptors 5 MANAGEMENT 10 3. Management descriptors 10 4. Multiplication/regeneration descriptors 13 ENVIRONMENT AND SITE 15 5. Characterization and/or evaluation site descriptors 15 6. Collecting and/or characterization/evaluation site environment descriptors 16 CHARACTERIZATION 19 7. Plant descriptors 19 EVALUATION 41 8. Plant descriptors 41 9. Abiotic stress susceptibility 42 10. Biotic stress susceptibility 42 11. Biochemical markers 43 12. Molecular markers 43 13. Cytological characters 44 14. Identified genes 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY 45 CONTRIBUTORS 47 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 51 ANNEX I. List of minimum highly discriminating descriptors for Fig 52 vi Fig Preface vii PREFACE Descriptors for Fig (Ficus carica and related Ficus spp.) was originally developed by Dr Uygun Aksoy and revised by Fernando Toribio. Afterwards, and as an output of the joint effort of the CIHEAM Network of Underutilized Fruit Trees Crops and IPGRI, it was coordinated by Gerardo Llacer, Mars Messaoud, leader of CIHEAM and Stefano Padulosi, IPGRI Senior Scientist. A draft version prepared in the internationally accepted IPGRI format for descriptor lists was subsequently sent to a number of international experts for their comments and amendments. Afull list of the names and addresses of those involved is given in ‘Contributors’. Fig is a typical neglected and underutilized crop, strategic in many marginal rural areas, particularly in the Mediterranean region where it originated. This Descriptor List is meant to provide the scientific community with an additional tool to promote research on its genetic resources and contribute to enhance its sustainable use and ultimately income generation opportunities of its growers. IPGRI encourages the collecting of data for all five types of descriptors (see Definitions and Use of Descriptors), whereby data from the first four categories – Passport, Management, Environment and Site, and Characterization – should be available for any accession. The number of descriptors selected in each of the categories will depend on the crop and their importance to the crop’s description. Descriptors listed under Evaluation allow for a more extensive description of the accession, but generally require replicated trials over a period of time. Although the suggested coding should not be regarded as the definitive scheme, this format represents an important tool for a standardized characterization system and it is promoted by IPGRI throughout the world. This descriptor list provides an international format and thereby produces a universally understood ‘language’ for plant genetic resources data. The adoption of this scheme for data encoding, or at least the production of a transformation method to convert other schemes into the IPGRI format, will produce a rapid, reliable and efficient means for information storage, retrieval and communication, and will assist with the utilization of germplasm. It is recommended, therefore, that information should be produced by closely following the descriptor list with regard to ordering and numbering descriptors, using the descriptors specified, and using the descriptor states recommended. This descriptor list is intended to be comprehensive for the descriptors that it contains. This approach assists with the standardization of descriptor definitions. IPGRI, however, does not assume that curators will characterize accessions of their collection utilizing all descriptors given. Descriptors should be used when they are useful to the curator for the management and maintenance of the collection and/or to the users of the plant genetic resources. Highly discriminating descriptors are marked as highlighted text to facilitate selection of descriptors and are listed in Annex I. Multicrop passport descriptors were developed jointly by IPGRI and FAO, to provide consistent coding schemes for common passport descriptors across crops. They are marked in viii Fig the text as [MCPD]. Please note that owing to the generic nature of the multicrop passport descriptors, not all descriptor states for a particular descriptor will be relevant to a specific crop. Any suggestions for improvement on the Descriptors for Fig will be highly appreciated by IPGRI.