MARTIAL GUEROULT Descartes' Philosophy InterprAectceodr ditnog theO rdeorf R easons Volume I TheS oul andG od Translated by RogerA riew Witthh Aes sistoafnc e RoberAtr ieawn dA laDno nagan UniverosfMi itnyn ePsroetMsais n,n eapolis Thiwso kr wsaus ptpeobdry a g rant formt hTera nastolinPsro graomft he NatailoE nndowmenfto trh Heu manities, ani ndepefndedeaerlna tg ecyn. Engltiarsnhs la© t1i9o8bn4yR ogAerire (wb aosne2 dne dd .). Origipnuabllliyas sh ed DescarsteelsIo n'r odrdee sra isovnosl,.l 'timIee, tD ieu, 1tse dC.op yri©g 1h59t2b yE ditnisMo ontaigne. 2nd edC.o pyri©g 1h69t8 b yE ditiMoonntsa igne. Alrli grhsetesr ved. Pubhleidbs yt hUen viersoifMt iyn nesPorteas s, 2073 UnviersAivteyn Su�uet heMaisnntae,p olMiNs 5,5 144 Prniteidnt hUen iteSdat teosfA meirca. LibraorfCy o ngrCeastsa loing iPnugb licaDtaitoan GueroMualrtt,i al. Descaprhteislh'oy si onpterparcectoerdtd oit nhge ordoefrr a esons. TransloaftD:ie osnc asretleIos'n or red dersa oinss. Contenvt.Is .T: h es oualn dG od. I.D escsa,Rr teen,e1 9561-5601..T it.l e BI875.1G38 813 9149 832-1771 ISB0N- 1866-2155-2 ISB0N- 1866-1256('{)p bk.) TheU nviersoifMt iynn esota isa ne qual-opportunity educaatnoder m ployer. v.t Contenotfs Vo lmuesI andI I IntrodubcyRt oigeornA riew Preface VolumIe TheS oula ndG od (ThFei rFsitv Mee ditations) I. CartesiMaent aphysaincsdt heO rdero fR easons II.D oubta ndt heE viGle nius Ill.T heC ogitoK:n owledgoef M y Existenacned K nowledgoef M y Nature .-IV. TheC ogitPor:i oriotfKy n owledogfeS oulo verK nowledogfeB ody V. TheF irsPtr oooff G od's Exisbtye Enfcfee cts VI. TheS econPdr ooof fG od'Esx istenbcye E ffects VII.O f theT ruea ndo ft heF alse VIII.E ssenc(eosfM ateriTahli ngasn do fG od) Notes VolumIeI T heS oula nd Btohdey( ThSexi thM editation) IX. Concernitnhge E xistencMea toeafrl iT hingTsh.e N exus ratioofnMu emd itVIa tion X. TheR ealmo ft heU nderstandTihnegP :o ssibiolfit thye E xistence ofM ateriTahli ngsT.h eG eneraTlh eoroyf P ossibility Xl. TheR ealmo ft heI maginatiTohne:P robabiloiftt yh eE xistence ' ofM ateriTahli ngs XII.T heR ealmo ft heS enseTsh:e C ertainotfty h eE xistenocfe MateriTahli ngs XIII.P roofo ft heR ealD istinction bSeotuwlae nednB ody XIV. Proofo ft heE xistenocfeM ateriTahli ngs XV. Proofo ft heU niono fS oula ndB ody XVI. Of theT ruea ndo ft heF alsien t heR ealmo ft heS enses, First ProblemF:o rmalE rroorf J udgment-ThAen alysoifst he Concepotf N ature XVII.O f theT ruea ndo ft heF alsien t heR ealmo ft heS enses, SecondP roblemT:h eI ntrinFsailcs iotfyt heS enses-Internal Conditionoifnt gh eP sychophysical SuTbhsetU annicoeno; f t he Soulw ithE verPya rto ft heB ody XVIII.O f theT ruea ndo ft heF alsien t heR ealmo ft heS enseIsn;t ernal Conditionoifnt gh eP sychophysSiucbaslt ance-MoPraer-ticular Uniono ft heS oulw itha Parto ft heB ody XIX. SomeC onsequenCcoensc erniMnegd icianen dM oralitMye:d icine andM oraliatsyT echniquoefst heG ood fort heP reseLnitf e XX. SomeC onsequenCcoensc erniMnegd icinaen dM oralitTyh:r ee Ideaosf M edicinaen dM orality XXI. Conclusions Notes Appendixes Index Contents Volmue I TheS oula ndG od (TheF itr FsvieM editiaotn)s Acknowledgments xi IntrodubcytR ioogneA rr iew xiii Preface xvii ChaptIe.Cr a rtesian Meatnadtp hhOeyr sdieocrfsR easons 3 I.T heU nitoyft hSeys teamn d Itnhdei vliistiyTb riuotfh 2.R atioOnrdaelar n dO rdeorfT opiRcast:ia loO nrdearsG eenratoofr thSey staenmda sR ulfeo Irtn repreIttin g 3.A nalyOtridcae rn d tShyenOtridce r 4.T heO rdeorft hMee ditations ChaptIeIDr.o ubatn dt hEev iGle nius 13 I.T heP onito fV eiw tohfRe u leasn d Ptoihneot fV eiwo ft he Meditations 2.C haractoefrM iestthilocodsgo iDcoabult 3.T heF irSstta ogfeM ethogdioclDaoolu bitnM editaIt ion 4. TSheec oSntda ogfeM ethoodgoilcDaolu bitnM editaIt ion 5. VariKoiunsdo fsH ypelribDcoo utbs 6.T heP robloeftm h Eev iGle nius ChapItIeTIrh. e C ogitKon:o wlgeeo dfM yE xistaennKdcn eo wlgee d ofM y Nature 27 --- � I.T heT rutohft hCeo giatnodM athaetmiTcrault h 2.T heO rdearnd N ecesPsoatsriiyno gft hEex tiesnocfet hSee lafn dI ts Nature 'OiIIIiIii!3 . TChogei tIos NtohFte i rGsitv eonfa nI ntsrpoecPtsyicvheo lbougty , thNee cessary aT Srceuintcohef P uorfUe nd erstanding 4.T heN atuorfte h See fla sT hoguhtt;hN ea tuorfte h See fla sP ure IntelltihgPeeo nsbcsieil;ai ntdLy e gitiomfTa hciys TwKonfoolwledd ge Accordtiotn hgOe r der 5.R efleocntt ihoCeno nditoifto hnCeso giatsFo i rTsrtu tDhe;d uctoifo n thNeo tionRse aaolnf dM odaDli sttiinoTcnh;e yo orfM odes 6.I ntellaisEg sesneconefcS eu btsancIen;t ellaisMg oednect;eh T ew o Quids 7. TheP rocoefsI sn teDrenmaoln stroaftt hiVeoa inro uNso tioofn s Distinction 8.C odnitiooftn hsSe u bjecVtailviedo ift thyKe n olwedogfet hNea ture oft hSee lf 9.C onditoifto hnOesb jecVtailviedo iftt hySe e lf. Objecotfi ve Validity thKen woledogfte h Eex istoefMn ycS ee ltfh;Me e reSluyb jective Validoiftt hyKe n olwedogfet hNea tuorfte h See laftt hLee voeflt he Cogito 10.T heA bsolIudntetei otfCy o nscioaunsdon fet shCse o nsciouosfn ess Concsiousinnte hsCeso gi.T thoeC ogtioa,n I ndiviIstniubiltoeifa o n SinguTlhauorg ht I.I Applicaitnti hoPenr sipn lce,iws itrhe spteotc htDe e termionfa tion PartiScuublsatrsa ,on fct ehReu leosfR eaaln dM odaDli stinctions DeducienMd e dital/t;iP oanr tiMcautlearrSi uabls taanncdPe asr ticular SpiriStuubaslt ances ChaptIeVr.T heC ogitPor:i oroifKt nyo wlgeeo dfS ouolv er Knowlgeeo dfB ody 75 I.I mmediEavtied eonfTc hei Psr ioirniV tiyr toufte h Oer deVre.r itfiiocna byt hAen alyosfti hsPe i eocfeW ax 2.D ifferAesnpte ocftT sh iPsr iority 3.P roblems byRt ahiAesn eadl yosfti hsPe i eocfeW ax 4.T wo MoodfeS se gregFatoiroens;h adooftw hiDeno cgt rionfe CompiotsSeu bstance 5.C ontaenndtC ontaoifne eorn scsinoeuTshse:P robloeftm h Per inciple ofE valuaotfCi ootnne nts ChaptVe.rT heF irPsrto ooffG odsE' xsitenbcyEe ff ects 103 I.T heP recarioofut shnAeec stsuI anlv estiogfta htCeio oignt Toh:e Necesfsoiart N yew ThreeIfnovleds tigation 2.P relimiRneavriioeefwTs h.o ugahntdIs t Rsol eT.h eT wofoIltnde ntion PresiodvieTnrhg i Csl assifEilciamtiinooanftJ. iu odng meOnrtd.eo rf Problems 3.R evioefwI deaansdI tRso lPer.o bloeftm h Oer igainndP robloefm thOeb jecVtailviedo ifIt dayes C.o nfusoifTo hne Tsweo P roblbeym s CommoSne nsRee.f utaotfCi oomnm oSne nse 4.T heL inkaogfte h Tew oP roblemRse psweictttoht hIed eoafG od 5.C oncluosfti hoPenr eliminaries 6.T heM aiPno inotf t hIen vestigatoifto hnOe.b jPercVotaoilfvi edo ift y IdeaansdP roooffG od'Esx istIetnnecres:e ocftt ihToewn o D esigns 7.G odi,n staarrc hetypi 8.T heA xioTmh:eE ffecRte sembtlhCeeas u se 9.G odE,f ficCiaeunste 10. TheP rincoifCp alues aalsIi stntyr umoefn tP roof I.I TheP rincoifCp alues aalnidtt hyPe r incoiftp hlCeeo nofrmiotfty h e Idewai tWhh aIts I deated 12.Re concibleitawtetiehoCneno necpotf G oda sC ausaen dt hCeo cnept ofG oda sA rchetype 13.T heR oleo ft hNeo tioofPn e rfection 14.T heP erfecotfOi bojne cRteiavleai s"t Fya lflr"ot mh Pee rfecotfi on FormRaela lity 15.A mbiguoiftt hyCe a rteCsoinacneo pfIt da e;I demaa-gI(eP sychologism) andE sse(nMcaet hematism) 16.S ensaatnidRo enrp ensteatCihvaer acOtbejre;cR teailvieot fSy e nsation; Minimaunmd M aximuOmb jecRteiavleCi otryr;e lativeo fV ariation ObjecVtailvied ity 17.T heO rdeorfR easofrnostm h Ceo gittoGo o dT.h eP roebmlo f EvaluaJtuidvgem ents toRt ehlQeau tainvteiP teyr foefoc ftO ibojne ctive Realities 18.Su bstitouftt hiIeod ne oaft hPee rffeoctrth Ceo giatsto h Dei rective PrincTihpeOl rei.g iInnatlu ition 19.S ubstitouftG ioodfn o trh Ceo gitaosF irPsrti nciple 20.P riroiotyfK nowleodfGg oed o veKrn olwedogfeS oulP;a rawliltehl thPer ioorfiK tnywo ledogfSe o ulo veKrno wledogfBe o dy 21.Th eD ioscsaitioofnC osnciousFnomer sasn;dC ontte;Cn ogitthoe, PrinciopfFl orem G; od,t hPer ciinpolfCe o tnenTth.eP robleomft he Reconactiibloeint wteehTnew oP rinecsiN.ep xlursa tionum 22.N exursa tioonruVm ci ioCuisr cDlief?f eHrypeontt heCsoensc ertnhien g Solutiooftn h "eC cilre" 23.A FundameRnetaaslfo ontr h Dei ffiocfut lhtCeyi rcle ChaptVeIr.T heS ecoPnrdo ooffG od's ExbiysE tfefneccet s1 75 I.A nalyasnidsD iscusosfit ohneP roof I.T heF untcioonfts h Dei ffePrreonotTf hseO. r edra ndt hSee cond ProboyfE ffects 2. TSheec oPnrdo boyfE ffects 3. TFhierP satro tft hPer oofF:i rHsytp othesis 4.T heF irPsatro tft hPer ooSfe:c oHnypdo thesis 5.T heS ecoPnadro tft hPero oft,h Per obloeftm h per ogreisns us infinitum 6.C onsequoeftn hcPeer soo fI:) D efinPiortoiofvf et hIen antenoefts hse Idae ofG od2;)A pplicaobfti hlAeix tiyo tmh,Ee f feRcets embtlhees Cause 7.T hea priEolreim eonftt hsPe r oof 8.T hea posteriori tChhPear rooafCc.ot fneorr mowifit tyth h Oer deorf Reasons II.T heD iscontionfTu iimtey 9.C ontinCuroeuasta inodTn e mpaolDr iscontCirniutiiotqfytu .hee ClacsasTlhi esbiysL aporte 1.0 MetaphyasnidTc emaploa rlD iscontiTnhuePi oitnyot.fV eiwo f CreatAicvteia onnd Ptoihneo tfV eiwo ft hCer eaTtheidn g I.I PhysaincdTs e mpoDriaslc ontAibnsutirPtaoynci.tto fV ie(wC ontinuity) andC oncrPeoitneot f V eiw( DiscontiTnhueUi nitoyon)f t. h Tew o PoinotfVs ei wT.w oC onatrrAys peocftE sl emenMtoavreynm teN:u ll Speeadn dI fninSipetee.d P reeminoeftn hcCeeo ncrPeontiteo fV eiw 12.Th eR eaDlic sontionfuC iatryt eTsiimaen ChaptVeIrIO .f t hTer uaen do ft hFea lse 203 I.T heP laocfet hPer obloefEm r rionrt he Order 2.T heP rriiootfyt hPer obloeftm h Ietn rinTsriucto hfI de"a s (UndsetrandoivneTgrh) a otf F omralE rr(oWri ltlh)Pe;r olbemosft he Foundoanto ifT ruth aLnmidi totsfhI en telligence 3.T heC ofnlibcett wetehPner incoifUp nliev erVsearla caintdty h e Exceipotinn F acCto ntsitubtyEe rdr oTrh:eR ecogintiooftn h e Fact ofE rraosra NecesCsoanrdyi ftoitroh nPe o sbsiiloifta yH uman Science 4.T heI tnerseocftt ihPoes ncy hooglicParlo bloeftm h Peo sbsiiloift y Errionrt hHeu manS oula ndo ft hPer boleomfa T heiocdRye lative tot hPer eseonfHc uem anE rrionrt hWeo rko fG od 5.G enaelMr eatphysSiolcuatli Coonn.f lbiecttw eTehniS sol utiaondn HumanP sycholRoegailciatli es 6.A nA ttemaptat M etaphySsouiltocinaG;lo ds'I cnomprehenasnidb ility PerfecDtiifofneK;rin ednostf P oisbslSeol utitohnIesn ;sf uifcioefn cy thMee taphySsouiltciaoln 7. Iqnuyi ornt hPes ychologiScmiaull ntePaolSuasnol eu;t iooftn h e Metaphysicala n(dPT shyecohdoilPcoryog)bil ceamls 8.N ewF inRaelc outrots heTe h eodicy 9. Resuolftt shI etn erseScoltuitnigo ns 1.0 TheO rdeCros ntraMiendsit aItVit ooTn reOantl ay P ortiooftn h e ProbleomfE rror II.R emaroknts h Ien fionfiH tumya nW ill 1.2 A eRmaroknt hFei nitoefnH eumsasnU nderstanding ChaptVeIrI EIs.s en(coeMfsa terTihailn agnsd o fG od) 237 I. TheP laocfet hPer boleomfE ssenicnte hsOe r der 2.P rooofft hOeb jecVtailvieod fit thyTe r utDhesr ifvreodm MathemaEtsisceanlc es 3.P rooofft hOeb jecVtailvieod fit thyTe r utDhesr ifvreodGm o ds ' EssceenV:a lidaotfti hoaen p riPorroioo ffG ods'E xistence (OntoloPgroiofc)a l 4. The Polfat cheae p riPorroiio nft hOer detrh;Se mi ultoaunse Valiidoaontf M athemaDteimcoanls traantdi oOtnnhste o loPgriocoafl 5.T heP riiotoryft hPer oboyfE feftcst,h e aOnndOe n lPyr ofooftr h e ExistoefnG coed 6.D iusscsiooftn h Eev entSueallf -Suffoiftc hiaeep nrciyo ri Proof 7. Prooofft hNee cessSj.labroirldyi Cnhaatrea ocftt ehraep riori Proof byM enaso ft hOer der 8.R educttoia o Unni toyft hAes peCcatlsl Aenda lcya tnidS ytnheitni c thae p riPorroio f 9.C onsicsyot fte hnPer ofo:I sI ta Reasnogno ir Aaxni ?o m 10.T heE xtreEmaeso er E xtreme DoiffK fniolcweudlogtfeyG od II.T hreAes peocftt sha e p riPorroifo ofTr h reKei ndsM ionsfd 12.T heD ifferPelnatco efts h ae p riPorriofA o ccordtioAn nga lyOtrdiecr andS yntheOtridce r:a p TrhiePo rroiao sfT rutohfS cie(nvceer itas rationaunmd) as oTfTr huitsn(h gv errietia)s 1.3 Conesquceenosf t hSeu bordionfat thOieno tno loPgrioctoaoftl h e ProboyfE ffecRtesc:o ncibleitawtetiehoNnene cesosfti hteyp rai ori Prowoift Dhi viFnree edWohmi,cT hr anssct ehnNede csesiotfiO eusr Understanding 14.D istinBcettiwoeEnes ns enacnedIs d eoafsE ssesn:Bc eetwetehne Crea(tMeadt hematicaIld eoEafssT s heensEcese ssee,sn I,cd eoafG ods ' Essenacnedt) h Uen crea(tGeodsd E 'sesncet)hE;eq ualoifLt eyv el betweMeant hemaItdiecaaansldt hIed eoafG o,da ndb etween MathemaTtriuctaahlns dt hTer utohft hae p riPorriof o,a sT rutohfs ScientchDeei; f feroefLn ecvebe elt weMeant hemaEtsisceanalcn eds GodsE 'ssceena,n db etweMeatnh emaTtriuctaahlns dt hTer utht hoef a priPorriof o,a sT rutohfTs h ings 1.5 TheE limiiononaf tt hFei nCalla ssOibjceaclt itohIned; a e ofG oda nd thPee rfecotfEi xoins ttehnEecs es;e onfcG eo da nd Ptehref ecotfi on ExistTehneca e p.o stePrriooaorsfti h Feo undaotfti hoPena ssoafg e thIed eoafG od outstihdEeex istoefnG coedt ot hEes seonfcG eo d IncluHdiiEsnx gi stence 16.T heI dnetiitnIy st elfA lEolsf s ewnicteIh tE sx istEesnsceen;ac se s IdeaansdE ssenacsEe xsi stOenuctesosif dM ee 1.7 ReptlyoT woD ifflitciSueusp;p reosfst ihIoenn t ellWioglridab nlde RatioPnoiastli vism Notes 279 Acknowldegments Iw oulldit koet hatnhkne u merpoeuposla en idn stitwuitotiuhtwo hnosm thwiosr mki gnhotht a vbee epno isbsltehN:ea tailoE nnodwmetfn rot he HumanistT'ir eanslParotgiroaanmns Sd u asnM angoi,ta sb laen edffi cient diercrt;o tmwyco o nlstuaanntrdsae deRrosb,e Arrti aenwAd l aDno angan; thmea nhyi sitaonorsf senvtehn-tceeepnhtiulroiysc toahplgoh huwth oh ave givmeunc hs uptpa onrde ncaoguermetnott h per jocetL,e slCeoyh en, Edwin Curley, DMaajnroiireeGl r eeGn,Ma ircbheaHreo,ol k earn,d MargaWrielts Voring;i nPioyalt echInntisict auntdeS attUen viersity's DepartomfeP nhti losCoepnhtfyeo,rPr ro garmsi nt hHeu maneista,in d Centfeorr Stthueod fyS cieinnSc oeci eftroyt hewiordr -procaensds ing secrehtelaprL;ii anld Wsaatye arnstd h eed iitasoltr aoffft hUen ievrsoift y Minsnoeat Persasnd; m otsi moptralnytS,u asnA ndriAertwit,efe ro t he coutenlshso uorfsr eiandgr,ee radianngdp, or ofreatdhimena gn uispctr.