Descartes among the Scholastics History of Science and Medicine Library VOLUME20 Scientific and Learned Cultures and Their Institutions Editor M. Feingold CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology VOLUME1 Descartes among the Scholastics By Roger Ariew LEIDEN•BOSTON 2011 Coverillustration:from‘DisputeofQueenCristinaVasaandRenéDescartes’(1884),byNils Forsberg(1842–1934),adaptedbyDavidA.Ariew. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ariew,Roger. DescartesamongtheScholastics/byRogerAriew. p.cm.–(Historyofscienceandmedicinelibrary;v.20)(Scientificandlearnedcultures andtheirinstitutions;v.1) Rev.ed.of:DescartesandthelastScholastics.1999. Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. )andindex. ISBN978-90-04-20724-0(hardcover:alk.paper) 1.Descartes,René,1596-1650.2.Scholasticism–History–17thcentury.I.Ariew,Roger. DescartesandthelastScholastics.II.Title.III.Series. B1875.A652011 194–dc22 2011011642 ISSN 1872-0684 ISBN 9789004207240 Copyright2011byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,GlobalOriental,HoteiPublishing, IDCPublishers,MartinusNijhoffPublishersandVSP. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillNV providedthattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Suite910,Danvers,MA01923,USA. Feesaresubjecttochange. ForMGandDG CONTENTS Acknowledgments..................................................... ix ListofIllustrations..................................................... xi ListofAbbreviations................................................... xiii Introduction ........................................................... 1 .DescartesandtheLastScholastics:ObjectionsandReplies ....... 13 .DescartesandtheScotists .......................................... 71 .Ideas,beforeandafterDescartes ................................... 101 .TheCartesianDestinyofFormandMatterandItsCritics ........ 127 .Descartes,Basso,andToletus:ThreeKindsofCorpuscularians... 157 .ScholasticsandtheNewAstronomyontheSubstanceofthe Heavens ............................................................. 179 .DescartesandtheJesuitsofLaFlèche:TheEucharist.............. 217 .CondemnationsofCartesianism:TheExtensionandUnityof theUniverse......................................................... 241 .Cartesians,Gassendists,andCensorship........................... 267 .TheCogitointheSeventeenthCentury ........................... 295 Bibliography ........................................................... 331 Index ................................................................... 351 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This researchwas assisted by grants and fellowships from the National EndowmentfortheHumanities,anindependentfederalagencyandthe NationalScienceFoundation(grantno.DIR-).Noneofitwould havebeenpossiblewithoutthefundstheseinstitutionsmadeavailable— norwouldIhavebeenabletoaffordtheresearchtimeattheBibliothèque Nationale in Paris. I am also grateful to the Bibliothèque Nationale for allowing me to use its wonderful facilities and for providing me with microfichesofcountlessvolumes.Imustsay,theirwebsiteGallica isan amazing,absolutelyinvaluableresource. Theseessayswerewrittenatvarioustimesandforvariousaudiences. Portionsofthevolumewereread(atdifferentstagesoftheircomposition) at many universities, workshops,and conferences.I am indebted to all theseaudiencesfortheirquestionsandcomments. I am also grateful to various publishers for allowing me to use some ofmypreviouslyprintedmaterials.Partsofchapterwerepublishedas “DescartesandScholasticism:theIntellectualBackgroundtoDescartes’ Thought,” in Cambridge Companion to Descartes, ed. John Cottingham (Cambridge:CambridgeUniv.Press,),pp.–.Muchofchapter waspublishedas“Ideas,inandbeforeDescartes,”JournaloftheHistory ofIdeas():–,andsomeofchapteras“TheCartesianDes- tinyofFormandMatter,”EarlyScienceandMedicine():–, both co-authoredwith Marjorie Grene. Portions of chapter  appeared as“TheoryofCometsatParisduringtheSeventeenthCentury,”Journal of the History of Ideas  (): –. An earlier version of chap- terwasissuedas“Damnedifyoudo:CartesiansandCensorship,– ,”PerspectivesonScience():–.Portionsofchapters,, , and  were initially published in French—chapter  as “Descartes, Bassonet la scolastique renaissante,” in Descartes et la Renaissance,ed. EmmanuelFayeandchapteras“Lespremièrestentativesversunesco- lastique cartésienne: la correspondance de Descartes et les Jésuites de La Flèche sur l’Eucharistie,” in Momenti della biografia intellettuale di Descartes nella Correspondance, ed. Jean-Robert Armogathe and Giu- lia Belgioioso. A portion of chapter  was published as “Les Principia en France et les condamnations du cartésianisme,” in Descartes: Prin- cipia Philosophiae (–), ed. Jean-Robert Armogatheand Giulia