Third Edition Dermatology Content Strategist: Russell Gabbedy Content Development Specialists: Sven Pinczewski and Rachael Harrison Content Coordinator: Emma Cole Project Manager: Anne Collett Design Manager: Stewart Larking Illustration Manager: Gillian Richards and Jennifer Rose Illustrator: Antbits Ltd. Marketing Manager (UK/USA): Gaynor Jones and Helena Mutak DTehird rEditmion atology Edited by Jean L Bolognia Joseph L Jorizzo Julie V Schaffer MD MD MD Professor of Dermatology Professor and Former Associate Professor of Dermatology Department of Dermatology (Founding) Chair and Pediatrics Yale Medical School Department of Dermatology Director of Pediatric Dermatology New Haven, CT, USA Wake Forest University School of Department of Dermatology Medicine New York University School of Winston-Salem, NC; Medicine Adjunct Professor New York, NY, USA Department of Dermatology Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA Section Editors Jeffrey P Callen MD FACP George J Hruza MD James W Patterson MD Professor of Medicine (Dermatology) Clinical Professor of Dermatology Professor of Pathology and Dermatology Chief, Division of Dermatology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Director of Dermatopathology University of Louisville St. Louis University University of Virginia Health System Louisville, KY, USA St. Louis, MO; Charlottesville, VA, USA Medical Director Lorenzo Cerroni MD Laser and Dermatologic Surgery Center Martin Röcken MD Associate Professor of Dermatology Chesterfield, MO, USA Professor and Chairman Director, Research Unit Dermatopathology Department of Dermatology Department of Dermatology Anthony J Mancini MD Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Medical University of Graz Professor of Pediatrics and Tübingen, Germany Graz, Austria Dermatology Northwestern University Feinberg Thomas Schwarz Warren R Heymann MD MD School of Medicine; Professor and Chairman Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Head, Division of Pediatric Department of Dermatology and Head, Division of Dermatology Dermatology Allergology Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Children’s Memorial Hospital University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Camden, NJ; Chicago, IL, USA Kiel, Germany Clinical Professor of Dermatology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA For additional online content visit www.expertconsult.com An imprint of Elsevier Limited © 2012, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. © Chapters 3, 80 and 85 are US Government works in the public domain and not subject to copyright. © Gabriele Richard retains copyright to her original figures in chapter 57. © Daniel Hohl retains copyright to his original photographs in chapter 59. © William Coleman III retains copyright of his original figures in chapter 156. The right of Jean L Bolognia, Joseph L Jorizzo, Julie V Schaffer, Jeffrey P Callen, Lorenzo Cerroni, Warren R Heymann, George J Hruza, Anthony J Mancini, James W Patterson, Martin Röcken and Thomas Schwarz to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface x 14 Allergic Contact Dermatitis 233 List of Contributors xi Christen M Mowad and James G Marks Jr User Guide xxiii 15 Irritant Contact Dermatitis 249 Dedication xxiv David E Cohen and Aieska de Souza Acknowledgments xxv 16 Occupational Dermatoses 261 VOLUME ONE S Mark Wilkinson 17 Dermatoses Due to Plants 273 SECTION ONE: Overview of Basic Science Thomas W McGovern 0 Basic Principles of Dermatology 1 Whitney A High, Carlo Francesco Tomasini, Giuseppe Argenziano SECTION FOUR: Urticarias, Erythemas and Purpuras and Iris Zalaudek 1 Anatomy and Physiology 43 18 Urticaria and Angioedema 291 Travis W Vandergriff and Paul R Bergstresser Clive EH Grattan 2 Skin Development and Maintenance 55 19 Figurate Erythemas 307 Maranke I Koster, Cynthia A Loomis, Tamara Koss and David Chu Agustίn Espan∼a 3 Molecular Biology 65 20 Erythema Multiforme, Stevens–Johnson Syndrome Jonathan Vogel, Carole Yee and Thomas N Darling and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 319 Lars E French and Christa Prins 4 Immunology 81 Thomas Schwarz 21 Drug Reactions 335 Jean Revuz and Laurence Valeyrie-Allanore SECTION TWO: Pruritus 22 Purpura: Mechanisms and Differential Diagnosis 357 5 Cutaneous Neurophysiology 99 Warren W Piette Gil Yosipovitch and Alexandru DP Papoiu 23 Cutaneous Manifestations of Microvascular 6 Pruritus and Dysesthesia 111 Occlusion Syndromes 369 Elke Weisshaar, Alan B Fleischer Jr, Jeffrey D Bernhard and Warren W Piette Thomas G Cropley 24 Cutaneous Vasculitis 385 7 Psychocutaneous Diseases 127 Kanade Shinkai and Lindy P Fox Chai Sue Lee and John YM Koo 25 Eosinophilic Dermatoses 411 SECTION THREE: Papulosquamous and Cloyce L Stetson and Kristin M Leiferman Eczematous Dermatoses 26 Neutrophilic Dermatoses 423 Samuel L Moschella and Mark DP Davis 8 Psoriasis 135 27 Pregnancy Dermatoses 439 Peter CM van de Kerkhof and Frank O Nestlé Christina M Ambros-Rudolph and Jeff K Shornick 9 Other Papulosquamous Disorders 157 Gary S Wood and George T Reizner SECTION FIVE: Vesiculobullous Diseases 10 Erythroderma 171 Wolfram Sterry and Matthias Steinhoff 28 The Biology of the Basement 11 Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Dermatoses 183 Membrane Zone 449 Tetsuo Shiohara and Yoko Kano Kim B Yancey 12 Atopic Dermatitis 203 29 Pemphigus 461 Thomas Bieber and Caroline Bussmann Masayuki Amagai 13 Other Eczematous Eruptions 219 30 Pemphigoid Group 475 v Norbert Reider and Peter O Fritsch Philippe Bernard and Luca Borradori 31 Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Linear IgA 50 Calcifying and Ossifying Disorders of the Skin 729 Bullous Dermatosis 491 Janet A Fairley S T Christopher M Hull and John J Zone 51 Nutritional Diseases 737 N E NT 32 Epidermolysis Bullosa 501 Stephanie McLeish Schaefer and Chad M Hivnor O C Jo-David Fine and Jemima E Mellerio 52 Graft-versus-Host Disease 753 33 Other Vesiculobullous Diseases 515 Edward W Cowen José M Mascaró Jr 53 Dermatologic Manifestations in Patients with 34 Vesiculobullous and Erosive Diseases in the Newborn 523 Systemic Disease 761 Deborah S Goddard, Amy E Gilliam and Ilona J Frieden Kathryn Schwarzenberger and Jeffrey P Callen SECTION SIX: Adnexal Diseases SECTION NINE: Genodermatoses 35 Structure and Function of Eccrine, Apocrine and 54 Basic Principles of Genetics 783 Maija Kiuru, Amalia Martinez-Mir and Angela M Christiano Sebaceous Glands 539 Martin Schaller and Gerd Plewig 55 Genetic Basis of Cutaneous Diseases 799 Vered Molho-Pessach and Julie V Schaffer 36 Acne Vulgaris 545 Andrea L Zaenglein and Diane M Thiboutot 56 Biology of Keratinocytes 825 Meral J Arin, Dennis R Roop, Peter J Koch and Maranke I Koster 37 Rosacea and Related Disorders 561 Frank C Powell and Síona Ní Raghallaigh 57 Ichthyoses, Erythrokeratodermas and 38 Folliculitis and Other Follicular Disorders 571 Related Disorders 837 Amy McMichael, Ashley R Curtis, Daniela Guzman-Sanchez Gabriele Richard and Franziska Ringpfeil and A Paul Kelly 58 Keratodermas 871 39 Diseases of the Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands 587 Alfons L Krol and Dawn Siegel Jami L Miller 59 Darier Disease and Hailey-Hailey Disease 887 Daniel Hohl SECTION SEVEN: Rheumatologic Dermatology 60 Primary Immunodeficiencies 899 40 Autoantibodies Encountered in Patients with Julie V Schaffer and Amy S Paller Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases 603 61 Neurofibromatosis and Tuberous Sclerosis 925 Heidi T Jacobe, Richard D Sontheimer and Stephanie Saxton-Daniels Hensin Tsao and Su Luo 41 Lupus Erythematosus 615 62 Mosaicism and Linear Lesions 943 Lela A Lee and Victoria P Werth Celia Moss 42 Dermatomyositis 631 63 Other Genodermatoses 963 Joseph L Jorizzo and Ruth Ann Vleugels Disorders Featuring Tumorigenesis 963 43 Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) and Susan J Bayliss and David R Berk Related Disorders 643 Enzyme Deficiency Diseases 970 M Kari Connolly Barbara K Burton 44 Morphea and Lichen Sclerosus 657 Premature Aging Syndromes and Poikilodermas 975 Martin Röcken and Kamran Ghoreschi Bernard A Cohen 45 Other Rheumatologic Diseases 671 Ectodermal Dysplasias 982 Jennie T Clarke Alanna F Bree and Virginia P Sybert 64 Developmental Anomalies 993 SECTION EIGHT: Metabolic and Systemic Diseases Richard Antaya and Julie V Schaffer 46 Mucinoses 687 Franco Rongioletti and Alfredo Rebora SECTION TEN: Pigmentary Disorders 47 Amyloidosis 699 65 Melanocyte Biology 1011 Richard W Groves and Martin M Black Jean L Bolognia and Seth J Orlow 48 Deposition Diseases 709 66 Vitiligo and Other Disorders of Hypopigmentation 1023 Jennifer Quist, Sven Quist and Harald Gollnick Jean-Paul Ortonne and Thierry Passeron 49 Porphyria 717 67 Disorders of Hyperpigmentation 1049 vi Jorge Frank and Pamela A Poblete-Gutiérrez Mary Wu Chang CHAPTER 88 Environmental and Sports-Related Skin Diseases 1487 SECTION ELEVEN: Hair, Nails and Mucous Membranes Mary Beth Cole and Michael L Smith 68 Biology of Hair and Nails 1075 S S 89 Signs of Drug Abuse 1511 TT NN David de Berker, Claire A Higgins, Colin Jahoda and Angela M Christiano EE Josep L Genebriera de Lamo, Mark R Pittelkow and Miguel Sanchez TT NN 69 Alopecias 1093 90 Skin Signs of Abuse 1521 COCO Leonard C Sperling, Rodney D Sinclair and Laila El Shabrawi-Caelen Sharon S Raimer, Lauren Raimer-Goodman and Ben G Raimer 70 Hypertrichosis and Hirsutism 1115 Francisco M Camacho-Martinez SECTION FOURTEEN: Disorders of Langerhans Cells 71 Nail Disorders 1129 and Macrophages Antonella Tosti and Bianca Maria Piraccini 91 Histiocytoses 1529 72 Oral Disease 1149 Warren T Goodman and Terry L Barrett Carl M Allen and Charles Camisa 92 Xanthomas 1547 73 Anogenital (Non-venereal) Disease 1171 W Trent Massengale, Kafele T Hodari, Erin E Boh and Lee T Nesbitt Jr Susan M Cooper and Fenella Wojnarowska 93 Non-infectious Granulomas 1557 Amy Reisenauer, Kevin P White, Veselina Korcheva and VOLUME TWO Clifton R White Jr 94 Foreign Body Reactions 1573 SECTION TWELVE: Infections, Infestations and Bites MA Abdallah, MMA Abdallah and Marwa A-R Abdallah 74 Bacterial Diseases 1187 Christian R Millett, Analisa V Halpern, Annette C Reboli and SECTION FIFTEEN: Atrophies and Disorders of Dermal Warren R Heymann Connective Tissues 75 Myobacterial Infections 1221 95 Biology of the Extracellular Matrix 1585 Marcia Ramos-e-Silva and Maria Cristina Ribeiro de Castro Leena Bruckner-Tuderman 76 Rickettsial Diseases 1243 96 Perforating Diseases 1599 David H Walker Ronald P Rapini 77 Fungal Diseases 1251 97 Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue 1607 Boni E Elewski, Lauren C Hughey, Jenny O Sobera and Roderick Hay Franziska Ringpfeil and Jouni Uitto 78 Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Infection 1285 98 Dermal Hypertrophies 1621 Armin Rieger, T Minsue Chen and Clay J Cockerell Marco Romanelli, Valentina Dini, Mariya Miteva and Paolo Romanelli 79 Human Papillomaviruses 1303 99 Atrophies of Connective Tissue 1631 Reinhard Kirnbauer and Petra Lenz Catherine Maari and Julie Powell 80 Human Herpesviruses 1321 Natalia Mendoza, Vandana Madkan, Karan Sra, Beau Willison, SECTION SIXTEEN: Disorders of Subcutaneous Fat L Katie Morrison and Stephen K Tyring 100 Panniculitis 1641 81 Other Viral Diseases 1345 James W Patterson Anthony J Mancini and Ayelet Shani-Adir 101 Lipodystrophies 1663 82 Sexually Transmitted Infections 1367 Suat Hoon Tan, Priya Sen and Mark Tang Angelika Stary and Georg Stary 83 Protozoa and Worms 1391 SECTION SEVENTEEN: Vascular Disorders Steven A Nelson and Karen E Warschaw 102 Vascular Biology 1679 84 Infestations 1423 Michael Detmar and Satoshi Hirakawa Craig N Burkhart, Craig G Burkhart and Dean Scott Morrell 103 Infantile Hemangiomas 1691 85 Bites and Stings 1435 Anita N Haggstrom and Maria C Garzon Dirk M Elston 104 Vascular Malformations 1711 SECTION THIRTEEN: Disorders Due to Physical Agents Odile Enjolras 86 Ultraviolet Light 1455 105 Ulcers 1729 Thomas M Rünger Ariela Hafner and Eli Sprecher 87 Photodermatologic Disorders 1467 106 Other Vascular Disorders 1747 vviiii Henry W Lim and John LM Hawk Robert Kelly and Christopher Baker 125 Glucocorticosteroids 2075 SECTION EIGHTEEN: Neoplasms of the Skin Scott M Jackson and Lee T Nesbitt Jr S 107 Principles of Tumor Biology and Pathogenesis T 126 Retinoids 2089 N E of BCCs and SCCs 1759 T Anne-Marie Thielen and Jean-Hilaire Saurat N O Edel A O’Toole, Fredrik Pontén, Joakim Lundeberg and Anna Asplund C 127 Antimicrobial Drugs 2105 108 Actinic Keratosis, Basal Cell Carcinoma and Jack L Lesher Jr and R Carol McConnell Squamous Cell Carcinoma 1773 128 Immunomodulators 2131 H Peter Soyer, Darrell S Rigel and Elisabeth MT Wurm J Mark Jackson and Jeffrey P Callen 109 Benign Epidermal Tumors and Proliferations 1795 129 Other Topical Medications 2153 Luis Requena, Celia Requena and Clay J Cockerell Matthew Fox, Yolanda Helfrich and Sewon Kang 110 Cysts 1817 130 Systemic Drugs 2165 Mary S Stone Julia R Nunley and Stephen E Wolverton 111 Adnexal Neoplasms 1829 131 Drug Interactions 2183 Timothy H McCalmont Lori E Shapiro, Sandra R Knowles and Neil H Shear 112 Benign Melanocytic Neoplasms 1851 132 Sunscreens 2197 Harold S Rabinovitz and Raymond L Barnhill Vincent A DeLeo 113 Melanoma 1885 133 Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2205 Claus Garbe and Jürgen Bauer Amy Geng and Raymond G Dufresne Jr 114 Vascular Neoplasms and Neoplastic-like SECTION TWENTY: Physical Treatment Modalities Proliferations 1915 Paula E North and Jay Kincannon 134 Ultraviolet Therapy 2219 Herbert Hönigsmann and Thomas Schwarz 115 Neural and Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (Other than Neurofibromatosis) 1943 135 Photodynamic Therapy 2237 Zsolt B Argenyi Harvey Lui and Rolf-Markus Szeimies 116 Fibrous and Fibrohistiocytic Proliferations of 136 Lasers and Other Energy Technologies – Principles the Skin and Tendons 1961 and Skin Interactions 2251 Hideko Kamino, Vijaya B Reddy and John Pui Fernanda H Sakamoto, Mathew M Avram and R Rox Anderson 117 Muscle, Adipose and Cartilage Neoplasms 1979 137 Laser Therapy 2261 Steven Kaddu and Sabine Kohler Christopher B Zachary and Rana Rofagha 118 Mastocytosis 1993 138 Cryosurgery 2283 Michael D Tharp Emanuel G Kuflik and Julianne H Kuflik 119 B-Cell Lymphomas of the Skin 2003 139 Radiotherapy 2291 Lorenzo Cerroni Michael Veness and Shawn W Richards 120 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma 2017 140 Electrosurgery 2303 Rein Willemze Sheldon V Pollack 121 Other Lymphoproliferative and SECTION TWENTY-ONE: Surgery Myeloproliferative Diseases 2037 141 Biology of Wound Healing 2313 Harry L Winfield and Bruce R Smoller Sabine A Eming 122 Cutaneous Metastases 2049 142 Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck 2327 Matthew B Zook, Hong Wu and Stuart R Lessin Franklin P Flowers and Thomas S Breza Jr SECTION NINETEEN: Medical Therapy 143 Anesthesia 2343 George J Hruza 123 Public Health and Dermatology 2057 144 Wound Closure Materials and Instruments 2353 Sarah Nakib and Abrar A Qureshi Christie Travelute Ammirati and Glenn Goldman 124 Skin Barrier and Transdermal 145 Dressings 2365 Drug Delivery 2065 Gregg M Menaker, Stephanie L Mehlis and Sarah Kasprowicz Mark R Prausnitz, Peter M Elias, Thomas J Franz, Matthias Schmuth, Jui-Chen Tsai, Gopinathan K Menon, Walter M Holleran and 146 Biopsy Techniques and Basic Excisions 2381 viii Kenneth R Feingold Suzanne Olbricht 147 Flaps 2399 154 Chemical and Mechanical Skin Resurfacing 2493 David G Brodland and David B Pharis Gary D Monheit and Mark A Chastain S 148 Grafts 2421 155 Phlebology and Treatment of Leg Veins 2509 T N E Désirée Ratner Mitchel P Goldman and Robert A Weiss T N O 149 Nail Surgery 2435 156 Liposuction 2525 C Phoebe Rich William P Coleman III, Timothy C Flynn and Kyle M Coleman 150 Mohs Surgery 2445 157 Hair Restoration 2535 Stephen N Snow and Juliet Gunkel Marc R Avram, Sharon A Keene, Dowling B Stough and Nicole E Rogers 151 Surgical Complications and Optimizing Outcomes 2459 Anna S Clayton and Thomas Stasko 158 Soft Tissue Augmentation 2547 Nazanin Saedi, Adam M Rotunda, Derek H Jones, Rhoda S Narins, SECTION TWENTY-TWO: Cosmetic Surgery Seth L Matarasso and Neil S Sadick 152 Evaluation of Beauty and the Aging Face 2473 159 Botulinum Toxin 2561 Thomas E Rohrer, Naissan O Wesley, Richard Glogau and Alastair Carruthers and Jean Carruthers Jeffrey S Dover Index to volumes one and two I-1 153 Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals 2479 Zoe Diana Draelos ix