D e n t i s t r y for the C h i l d a n d A d o l e s c e n t RALPH E. McDONALD, DDS, MS Dean Emeritus and Professor Emeritus of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana DAVID R. AVERY, DDS, MSD Ralph E. McDonald Professor and Director of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children Indianapolis, Indiana JEFFREY A. DEAN, DDS, MSD Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Director, Advanced Education Program in Pediatric Dentistry Acting Chair, Department of Oral Facial Development Indiana University School of Dentistry James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children Indianapolis, Indiana EIGHTH EDITION with 710 illustrations An Affiliate of Elsevier 11830 Westline Industrial Drive St. Louis, Missouri 63146 DENTISTRY FOR THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT, EIGHTH EDITION 0-323-02450-5 Copyright © 2004, Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage ( http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting 'Customer Support' and then ' Obtaining Permissions'. NOTICE Dentistry is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the licensed prescriber, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the authors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. Previous editions copyrighted 1969, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1994, 2000 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dentistry for the child and adolescent / [edited by] Ralph E. McDonald, David R. Avery, Jeffrey A. Dean.—8th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-323-02450-5 1. Pedodontics. 2. Youth—Dental care. I. McDonald, Ralph E., 1920- II. Avery, David R. III. Dean, Jeffrey A., D.D.S. [DNLM: 1. Dental Care for Children. 2. Pediatric Dentistry—methods. WU 480 D4145 2004] RK55.C5D44 2004 617.6'45-dc22 2003068648 Executive Editor: Penny Rudolph Senior Developmental Editor: Jaime Pendill Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: Anne Altepeter Book Design Manager: Gail Morey Hudson Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors CHRISTOPHER EDWARD BELCHER, MD DONALD J. FERGUSON, DMD, MSD Director Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics Pediatric Infectious Diseases Director, Advanced Orthodontic Training Infectious Diseases of Indiana Program Indianapolis, Indiana Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine Boston University DAVID BIXLER, DDS, PhD Boston, Massachusetts Professor Emeritus of Oral Facial Genetics and Medical and Molecular Genetics CHARLES J. GOODACRE, DDS, MSD Indiana University Dean and Professor, Department of Restorative Indianapolis, Indiana Dentistry, School of Dentistry Loma Linda University DAVID T. BROWN, DDS, MS Loma Linda, California Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry ANN PAGE GRIFFIN, BA Clinical Indianapolis, Indiana Associate Professor Department of Family Medicine DAVID A. BUSSARD, DDS, MS East Carolina University Assistant Clinical Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Greenville, North Carolina Surgery Faculty Associate, Department of Pediatric Indiana University School of Dentistry Dentistry Private Practice of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Indianapolis, Indiana Memphis, Tennessee ROBERT L. CREEDON, DDS LEE M. HARRISON, Jr., DDS, MS Professor Emeritus Clinical Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics/Dentistry Department of Pediatric Dentistry College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Director, Division of Pediatric Dentistry (retired) New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Pediatrics Private Practice of Pediatric Dentistry Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Shreveport, Louisiana Cincinnati, Ohio JAMES K. HARTSFIELD, Jr., DMD, MS, MMedSci, PhD ROBERT J. CRONIN, Jr., DDS, MS Professor and Director of Oral Facial Genetics Professor Professor and Director, Graduate Division of Orthodontics Department of Prosthodontics Department of Oral Facial Development The University of Texas Health Science Center at School of Dentistry, Indiana University San Antonio Dental School Professor, Department of Medical and Molecular San Antonio, Texas Genetics School of Medicine, Indiana University MURRAY DOCK, DDS, MSD, RPh President, Meridian Orthodontics, PC Associate Professor Indianapolis, Indiana Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati ROBERTA A. HIBBARD, MD Director, Residency Program in Pediatric Dentistry Professor, Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Dentistry School of Medicine, Indiana University Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana Cincinnati, Ohio RANDY A. HOCK, MD, PhD ROBERT J. FEIGAL, DDS, PhD Medical Director Professor and Chair, Department of Preventive Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Sciences Pediatric Hospice School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota St. Vincent Children's Hospital Indianapolis, Indiana v vi Contributors DONALD V. HUEBENER, DDS, MS, MAEd JOHN S. McDONALD, DDS, MS, FACD Professor, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Volunteer Professor Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Departments of Surgery and Anesthesia Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Volunteer Associate Professor Professor, Pediatric Dentistry Department of Pediatrics School of Dental Medicine Division of Pediatric Dentistry Southern Illinois University College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Alton, Illinois Cincinnati, Ohio Private Practice of Oral and Maxillofacial CHRISTOPHER V. HUGHES, DMD, PhD Pathology/Head and Neck Pain Associate Professor and Chair Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Pediatric Dentistry Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine DALE A. MILES, DDS, MS, FRCD(C) Boston University Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Boston, Massachusetts Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs and Faculty Development JAMES E. JONES, DMD, MSD, PhD, EdD Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health Dean and Professor, School of Health Sciences Mesa, Arizona Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne B. KEITH MOORE, PhD Fort Wayne, Indiana Professor and Director of Dental Materials Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Graduate Program Indiana University School of Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana GEORGE E. KRULL, DDS EDWIN T. PARKS, DMD, MS Private Practice of Pediatric Dentistry Professor of Oral Pathology, Clarkston, Michigan Medicine and Radiology Indiana University School of Dentistry JOHN T. KRULL, DDS Indianapolis, Indiana Assistant Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry ALAN MICHAEL SADOVE, MD Private Practice of Orthodontics James Harbaugh Endowed Professor of Indianapolis, Indiana Plastic Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine THOMAS H. LAPP, DDS, MS Chief, Plastic Surgery Clinical Assistant Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children Surgery Indianapolis, Indiana Indiana University School of Dentistry Private Practice of Oral and Maxillofacial BRIAN J. SANDERS, DDS, MS Surgery Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Indiana University School of Dentistry Director, Clinic Pediatric Dentistry JASPER L. LEWIS, Jr., DDS, MS James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children Clinical Assistant Professor, Department Indianapolis, Indiana of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry AMY D. SHAPIRO, MD University of Tennessee Medical Director Memphis, Tennessee Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Inc. Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery Indianapolis, Indiana Chief of the Division of Dentistry Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Family Medicine GEORGE K. STOOKEY, MSD, PhD School of Medicine, East Carolina University Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Preventive and Private Practice of Pediatric Dentistry Community Dentistry Greenville, North Carolina Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana JAMES L. McDONALD, Jr., PhD Professor of Oral Biology JAMES A. WEDDELL, DDS, MSD Associate Dean for Dental Education Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry James Indiana University School of Dentistry Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Contributors vii GERALD Z. WRIGHT, DDS, MSD, FRCDIC) KAREN M. YODER, MSD, PhD Professor Emeritus Associate Professor and Director of Community The University of Western Ontario Dentistry London, Ontario, Canada Indiana University School of Dentistry Secretary General, Indianapolis, Indiana International Association of Paediatric Dentistry Preface The eighth edition of Dentistry for the Child and a section on anxiety control, pain, and the use of anal- Adolescent presents current diagnostic and treatment gesics in pediatric dentistry. Chapter 14, Pharmacologic recommendations based on research, clinical experi- Management of Patient Behavior, has a new lead author ence, and current literature. This newest edition follows and has been thoroughly reviewed and updated to the same basic structure and format of the previous provide the latest information regarding sedation tech- seven editions. The contributors who joined us in niques for children. Chapter 17, Pit and Fissure Sealants preparation of this latest revision express a coordinated and Preventive Resin Restorations, has undergone a philosophy in the approach to the most modern major revision; a new co-author has provided fresh concepts of dentistry for the child and adolescent. The illustrations for the chapter as well. Chapter 18, information contained herein is relevant to the con- Restorative Dentistry, provides an increased emphasis temporary science and practice of pediatric dentistry. on the latest restorative materials and in particular on This textbook is designed to help undergraduate dental the "alternative restorative technique." Treatment students and postdoctoral pediatric dental students modalities for pulp therapy and trauma have been provide efficient and superior comprehensive oral incorporated in Chapters 19 and 21 that utilize the new health care to infants, children, teenagers, and medically science and information associated with molecular biol- compromised individuals. It also provides experienced ogy, in an attempt to maintain the vitality of the tissues dentists with reference information regarding new associated with these treatments whenever possible. developments and techniques. Chapter 23, Dental Problems of Children with Chapter 2, Child Abuse and Neglect, includes an up- Disabilities, and Chapter 24, Management of the to-date overview of this topic and management of Medically Compromised Patient, have been updated documentation and reporting requirements. In addi- and revised to include information regarding the dental tion, the chapter contains several new photographs to management of patients with sickle cell anemia. The help illustrate this societal problem. Chapter 5, latest information on the incorporation of early Radiographic Techniques, includes new information on orthodontic treatment has been added to Chapter 27, the use of digital radiography in pediatric dentistry. Management of the Developing Occlusion, and a new Chapter 6, Clinical Genetics for the Dental Practitioner, co-author has helped with Chapter 28, Multi- has a new lead author and provides updated informa- disciplinary Team Approach to Cleft Lip and Palate tion in several topic areas, particularly in genetic influ- Management. In particular, the protocols developed by ence on external apical root resorption associated with the American Cleft Palate—Craniofacial Association orthodontic treatment. Theories relating to the molecu- have been incorporated. And finally, Chapter 29, lar biology of tooth eruption are provided in Chapter 9. Practice Management, has been revised significantly Chapter 10, Dental Caries in the Child and Adolescent, and Chapter 30, Community Oral Health, has been has been reformatted and presents much new informa- completely rewritten. tion to reflect contemporary knowledge and manage- ment of the disease as well as an increased emphasis on Ralph E. McDonald early childhood caries. Chapter 13, Local Anesthesia for David R. Avery the Child and Adolescent, has been expanded to include Jeffrey A. Dean ix Acknowledgments A textbook can be planned and written only with the editor; Jaime Pendill, senior developmental editor; and supportive interest, encouragement, and tangible Anne Altepeter, senior project manager. contributions of many people. Therefore, it is a privilege The faculties of pediatric dentistry and other disciplines to acknowledge the assistance of others in the prepara- at Indiana University have contributed substantially to tion of this text. First of all, we would like to thank the this work in many ways. We truly appreciate their many authors and co-authors who have made this willingness to share information relevant to scientific eighth edition possible. Donna Bumgardner and accuracy of the manuscripts. In particular, we gratefully Elizabeth Holsapple provided manuscript preparation acknowledge Drs. Michael Baumgartner, Howard Eigen, and valuable editorial assistance. Mark Dirlam, Kyla Margherita Fontana, Richard Gregory, Michelle Jones, Tom Meador, and Terry Wilson provided assis- Howenstine, Vanchit John, Gopal Krishna, Chris Miller, tance with new illustrations. Our excellent library staff John Rau, Paul Walker, and Susan Zunt. Many pediatric was eager to help in any way possible, and the assis- dentistry postdoctoral students and auxiliary staff have tance of Susan Beane, Janice Cox, Amy Edwards, Sue also assisted in numerous ways. The encouragement Hutchinson, and Kirk Smith is much appreciated. We and support of all members of our families sustained our also gratefully acknowledge the professional staff at resolve to complete this task when it seemed that it Elsevier who has provided valuable assistance and would not get done. We extend our heartfelt thanks to all superb guidance in the publication of this eighth edition; who played a role in helping us bring this project to a special thanks to Penny Rudolph, executive successful conclusion. xi Contents 1 Examination of the Mouth and Other 12 Nutritional Considerations for the Relevant Structures, 1 Pediatric Dental Patient, 257 RALPH E. McDONALD, DAVID R. AVERY, AND JAMES L. McDONALD, Jr. JEFFREY A. DEAN 13 Local Anesthesia and Pain Control for the 2 Child Abuse and Neglect, 23 Child and Adolescent, 270 ROBERTA A. HIBBARD AND BRIAN J. SANDERS RALPH E. McDONALD, DAVID R. AVERY, AND JEFFREY A. DEAN 3 Nonpharmacologic Management of Children's Behaviors, 33 14 Pharmacologic Management of Patient GERALD Z. WRIGHT Behavior, 285 MURRAY DOCK AND ROBERT L. CREEDON 4 Development and Morphology of the Primary Teeth, 50 15 Hospital Dental Services for RALPH E. McDONALD AND DAVID R. AVERY Children and the Use of General Anesthesia, 312 5 Radiographic Techniques, 59 JAMES A. WEDDELL AND JAMES E. JONES DALE A. MILES AND EDWIN T. PARKS 16 Dental Materials, 333 6 Clinical Genetics for the Dental Practitioner, 79 B. KEITH MOORE AND DAVID R. AVERY JAMES K. HARTSFIELD, Jr. AND DAVID BIXLER 17 Pit and Fissure Sealants and Preventive 7 Acquired and Developmental Disturbances Resin Restorations, 353 of the Teeth and Associated Oral BRIAN J. SANDERS, ROBERT J. FEIGAL, Structures, 103 AND DAVID R. AVERY RALPH E. McDONALD, DAVID R. AVERY, AND JAMES K. HARTSFIELD, Jr. 18 Restorative Dentistry, 364 RALPH E. McDONALD AND DAVID R. AVERY 8 Tumors of the Oral Soft Tissues and Cysts and Tumors of the Bone, 148 19 Treatment of Deep Caries, Vital Pulp JOHN S. McDONALD Exposure, and Pulpless Teeth, 388 RALPH E. McDONALD, DAVID R. AVERY, 9 Eruption of the Teeth: Local, Systemic, and AND JEFFREY A. DEAN Congenital Factors That Influence the Process, 174 20 Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease, 413 RALPH E. McDONALD, DAVID R. AVERY, AND RALPH E. McDONALD, DAVID R. AVERY, JEFFREY A. DEAN AND JAMES A. WEDDELL 10 Dental Caries in the Child and 21 Management of Trauma to the Teeth and Adolescent, 203 Supporting Tissues, 453 RALPH E. McDONALD, DAVID R. AVERY, AND RALPH E. McDONALD, DAVID R. AVERY, GEORGE K. STOOKEY AND JEFFREY A. DEAN 11 Mechanical and Chemotherapeutic 22 Prosthodontic Treatment of the Home Oral Hygiene, 236 Adolescent Patient, 504 JEFFREY A. DEAN AND CHRISTOPHER V. HUGHES CHARLES J. GOODACRE, ROBERT J. CRONIN, Jr., AND DAVID T. BROWN xiv Contents 23 Dental Problems of Children with 27 Management of the Developing Disabilities, 524 Occlusion, 625 JAMES A. WEDDELL, BRIAN J. SANDERS, JEFFREY A. DEAN, RALPH E. McDONALD, AND AND JAMES E. JONES DAVID R. AVERY 24 Management of the Medically Compromised 28 Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Cleft Lip Patient: Hematologic Disorders, Cancer, and Palate Management, 684 Hepatitis, and AIDS, 557 JAMES E. JONES, ALAN MICHAEL SADOVE, BRIAN J. SANDERS, AMY D. SHAPIRO, RANDY A. HOCK, JEFFREY A. DEAN, AND DONALD V. HUEBENER JAMES A. WEDDELL, AND CHRISTOPHER EDWARD BELCHER 29 Practice Management, 712 25 Growth of the Face and Dental Arches, 580 ANN PAGE GRIFFIN, LEE M. HARRISON, Jr., DONALD J. FERGUSON AND JASPER L. LEWIS, Jr. 26 Cephalometrics and Facial Esthetics: 30 Community Oral Health, 739 the Key to Complete Treatment Planning, 598 KAREN M. YODER JOHN T. KRULL, GEORGE E. KRULL, THOMAS H. LAPP, AND DAVID A. BUSSARD Examination of the Mouth and Other Relevant Structures RALPH E. McDONALD DAVID R. AVERY JEFFREY A. DEAN 1 0