VOL 4 NO. 2, DECEMBER. 2016 VOL 4 NO. 2 DECEMBER 2016 Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016 Having healthy teeth is more important than we would normally think and good diet is a key contributor in this. As per a study, people with 25 or more teeth tend to eat more nutritiously. Diet is commonly associated to increase in weight, cholesterol or sugar levels in the body. However, what we eat also affects the teeth and gums. Too many and/ or frequent intake of cold drinks, sweetened fruit drinks, snacks etc. put our teeth at the risk of decay. A poor diet can lead to gum disease and tooth decay. Foods high in carbohydrates, sugars and starches greatly contribute to the production of plaque acids that attack the tooth enamel. Eventually these acids can cause tooth enamel to break down, forming a cavity. But this can be prevented. Some of the foods that help in protecting the health of teeth and gums are: l Tea: Compounds called polyphenols, found in black and green teas, slow the growth of bacteria associated with cavities and gum disease.In a 2010 study published in the Journal of Dental Research, Wu and her colleagues wrote that tea, especially black tea, fights halitosis, or bad breath. "Polyphenols suppress the genes of bacteria that control the production of smelly compounds in the mouth," Wu said. l Cheese: Research published in the journal General Dentistry earlier this year reported that 12- to 15-year-olds who ate cheddar cheese had lower acid levels in their mouths than those who ate sugar-free yogurt or drank a glass of milk. l Raisins: Naturally sweet, raisins don't contain sucroseare also a source of phytochemicals, which may kill cavity-causing plaque bacteria. Some compounds in raisins also affect the growth of bacteria associated with gum disease. l Crunchy Foods: munching foods like carrots, apples and cucumbers may disturb the plaque and act as a cleansing agent. l Vitamin Rich Food: According to American Dental Association foods that contain calcium (e.g. cheese, leafy greens and almonds) and phosphorous (e.g. meat, eggs and fish) can help keep tooth enamel strong and healthy. l Sugarless Gum: Chewing increases saliva secretion clearing away some bacteria. l Milk: According to a study published in the Americal Dental Association, drinking a glass of milk after downing dry, sugar-sweetened Fruit Loops lowered levels of acid in the mouth more than drinking water or apple juice did. To help control the amount of sugar you consume, read food labels and choose foods and beverages that are low in added sugars. Regular brushing and flossing help keep teeth healthy by getting rid of sugars and food particles that team up with bacteria to form plaque. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that people who rinsed their mouths with black tea for one minute, 10 times a day, had less plaque buildup on their teeth than people who rinsed their mouths with water. What's more, the size and stickiness of their plaque was reduced. I also take this opportunity to wish all of you a very happy, prosperous and healthy year ahead. Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016 A) ORIGINAL RESEARCH 1. AN INSIGHT OF FOOD FREQUENCY AND ACQUIRED DIETARY ALLOWANCE (ADA) 4 IN FEMALE STUDENTS PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION- A SURVEY STUDY Dr. Himanshu Thukral, Dr. Anjana Goyal, Dr. Reena Doomra B) REVIEW 2. SURGICALLY ASSISTED RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION - A REVIEW 10 Dr. Pooja Madan, Dr. Sridhar Kannan, Dr. Nitin Arora, Dr. Ashish Kumar Singh, Dr. Karan Sharma 3. CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY : 16 A DIAGNOSTIC BOON IN DENTISTRY–REVIEW Radhika Chhibber (Graduate Student, Manav Rachna Dental College) 4. SALIVARY DIAGNOSTICS - A BLOODLESS REVOLUTION 22 Dr. Priya Mamachan, Dr. Vishal Dang, Dr. Neelkamal Sharda Bharadwaj, Dr. Natalia DeSilva, Dr. Priyanka Kant 5. HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY 30 Dr. Archana Bharti Raina, Dr. Vandana Srikrishna Chadha, Dr. Pooja Palwankar, Dr. AshishVerma 6. ROLE OF FORENSIC ODONTOLOGIST FOR VICTIM IDENTIFICATION 38 IN MASS DISASTERS: A REVIEW Dr. Jaishree Sharma, Dr. Shivani Aggarwal, Dr. Neha Khurana, Dr. Sharanjeet Gill, Dr. Anchal Varshney, Dr. Disha Chopra 7. GINGIVAL BIOTYPE:- A REVIEW 42 Dr. Sonam Rana, Dr. Pooja Palwankar, Dr. Ashish Verma, Dr. Vandana S. Chadha, Dr. Nipun Dhalla C) CASE REPORT 8. 3D OBTURATION 46 Dr. Arundeep Singh, Dr. Dax Abraham, Dr. Ravjot Ahuja, Dr. Abhinav Kumar, Dr. Aayushi Narang 9. OVERDENTURE: PRESERVATION OVER REPLACEMENT 49 Dr. Akanksha Mahajan, Dr. Pankaj Dhawan, Dr. Pankaj Madhukar, Dr. Piyush Tandan, Dr. Shivam Tomar, Dr. Anish Goyal 10. Z- PLASTY REVISITED 53 Dr. Gargi Bhatia, Dr. Ashish Verma MDS, Dr. Pooja Palwankar MDS, Dr. Vandana Srikrishna Chadha MDS 3 Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016 AN INSIGHT OF FOOD FREQUENCY AND ACQUIRED DIETARY ALLOWANCE (ADA) IN FEMALE STUDENTS PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION- A SURVEY STUDY Abstract A survey study has been done to understand and analyze the dietary pattern of the individuals in a population of women subjects. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems. A nutritional assessment is an in-depth evaluation of both objective and subjective data related to an individual's food and nutrient intake and lifestyle. Questionnaires were developed to find out the socio-economic profile, dietary intake, nutritional status, general awareness and general practices about health and hygiene in adult females. During a nutrition interview the practitioner may ask what the individual ate during the previous twenty- four hours, beginning with the last item eaten prior to the interview. In this particular survey, we have used food frequency list along with the 24-hours recall method for taking data of the foods consumed within past 24 hours by the individual subjects. The nutrient consumption (ADA) had been observed to be higher than that of RDA, which may be associated with the risk of health related problems in the studied population. This increase in the dietary consumption is clearly visible, and there is a need to educate and create awareness regarding healthy food habits. Dr Himanshu Thukral1, Dr Anjana Goyal2 and Dr Reena Doomra3 1Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, India 2Reader, Department of Biochemistry, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, India 3Reader, Department of Pharmacology, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, India Keywords: Nutritional assessment, dietary intake, food groups, malnutrition, nutrient adequacy ratio Introduction effects of malnutrition, and because these effects are severe, long lasting, and cumulative[4]. Inadequate intake Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of of micronutrients can adversely influence growth and nutrients and other substances in food in relation to development, cognitive performance and increase maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease susceptibility to infections[5,6]. of an organism. Malnutrition or malnourishment is a condition that results from eating a diet in which While malnutrition is prevalent among all segments of nutrients are either not enough or are too much such the population, poor nutrition among women begins that the diet causes health problems. Freedom from during infancy and continues throughout their lifetime hunger and malnutrition is a basic human right and their [7,8]. The nutrition transition in low income countries is alleviation is fundamental prerequisite for human and being recognized as an emerging crisis due to changing national development[1]. Various forms of malnutrition health profiles[9]. A classical example of changing health including both macro and micronutrient deficiencies profile is evident from the nationwide surveys mapping affect a large segment of population in India[2]. Various the nutritional profile of women (NFHS, 2007)[10]. surveys carried out in different developing countries Research on women's status in society has found that including India, have shown that aetiology of the contributions Indian women make to families are malnutrition is complex and often lacks clear cut often overlooked. Poor health has repercussions not elucidation. Systemic investigations revealed that the only for women, but also their families. main causes of malnutrition are poverty, ignorance, and Dietary studies are relevant for improving our infection which are interlinked with one another to understanding of the role of nutrition in preventing form a web of socioeconomic complex[3]. Frye Kristin certain diseases, for identifying causes of public health et al (2013) said that, malnutrition is a quiet pandemic problems and cost-effective interventions aimed at affecting millions of people throughout the world. It reducing potential health risks. Diet and nutrition are has high public health significance because of the large important factors in the promotion and maintenance of number of people affected by malnutrition, the fact that good health throughout the life. Income, individual vulnerable populations disproportionately suffer the 4 Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016 preferences and beliefs, cultural traditions, as well as 2. Food frequency questionnaire:- It included geographical, environmental, social and economic information about the consumption of factors all interact in a complex manner to shape dietary various food groups, their amounts and their consumption patterns. A normal balanced diet must frequencies of consumption. The questionnaire include foods from various food groups in sufficient consisted of all the common food products amounts to meet the needs of an individual and to that were consumed in the study area. increase the immunity. As responsible health The frequency of consumption and also the professionals, we intend to make an effort to investigate amounts of food products were collected on the nutritional status, dietary intake of women in the basis of which nutrient consumption in professional courses. We aim to find the nutritional a day was calculated for each sample. The data status of a sample urban female population and was analyzed to find out: compare with recommended dietary allowance (RDA). l The frequency of consumption of all the As health education should give more emphasis to food products, prevent health problems rather than providing cure[11]. l The minimum, maximum and mean intake Females have been singled out giving regard to their of all the food products and, importance and role in the development and welfare of a family, society and a country as a whole. The data from l The minimum, maximum and mean intake of the various macronutrients including our study may also provide an insight to programmers energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat. to design/develop interventions for health and life style. l Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for energy, Material & Methods protein, carbohydrates and fat. Participants Statistical Analysis 20 asymptomatic female participants (Amity University The data was analyzed using MS Excel windows Students) were randomly selected, mean age (± SD); software, statistical analysis including mean, frequency, 22.75 ± 1.11) years. Exclusion criteria for the study were cumulative percent, standard deviation and student's t- any history of acute and chronic diseases. A written test was carried out. The average daily intake of foods consent was taken from all participants before and their nutrients was calculated for acquired dietary commencement of the study. All the participants were allowance (ADA) and compared with ICMR assessed using questionnaire method. recommended RDA. These test were applied to find Study Protocol out: Questionnaires were developed to find out the socio- l The minimum, maximum and mean intake of economic profile, dietary intake, nutritional status, the various macronutrients including energy, general awareness and general practices about health protein, carbohydrate and fat. and hygiene in adult females. l Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for energy, protein, carbohydrates and fat. 1. Background questionnaire:- It consisted of personal profile, their activity patterns and l NAR[12] is the percent nutrient intake in terms of RDA and can be calculated as under. family history. l Personal profile: It included the basic Nutrient Intake information about the sample i.e. name, age, NAR = X 100 RDA food habits (vegetarian, non-vegetarian or eggetarian), addiction (smoking, Results & Observations alcoholism), etc. The data was analysed by calculating the frequencies of variables. Dietary Pattern l Activity pattern: It includes the daily The dietary habits of the individuals were analysed to be exercise, sleeping pattern, meal Pattern, 60% non-vegetarian and 40% vegetarian in the total Medications etc. sample population (Figure 1). l Family History: It included information about the diseases that are associated with the family members. 5 Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016 Fig 1. Overall percentage of dietary pattern among the sample population Fig 4. Observed consumption frequency of pulses and legumes Nutritional Analysis Food Consumption Frequency Table 1. Percentage of Consumption Frequency of Each Food Group CONSUMPTION DAILY 4-7 TIMES IN A 2-3 TIMES IN A ONCE IN A LESS THAN NEVER FREQUENCY WEEK WEEK WEEK ONCE A WEEK FOOD GROUP CONSU(%M)PTION CO NS(U%M)PTION CONS(U%M)PTION CONS(U%M)PTION CONS(U%M)PTION CONS(U%M )PTION Milk & Milk 75 5 10 10 0 0 Products MPearto d&u cMtseat 0 0 5 25 20 50 Pulses & 40 15 25 10 10 0 Legumes Veg. A 20 35 30 5 10 0 Veg. B 35 25 20 5 10 5 Fruits 30 15 25 10 10 10 Cereals 65 15 15 5 0 0 Fig 5. Observed consumption frequency of cereals Fat 65 0 10 0 15 10 Sugar 65 5 5 0 10 15 and cereal products Fig 6. Observed consumption frequency of green leafy vegetables (Veg. A) Fig 2. Observed consumption frequency of milk products Fig 7. Observed consumption frequency of roots Fig 3. Observed consumption frequency of meat and tubers (Veg.B) and meat product 6 Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016 Acquired Dietary Allowance (ADA) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Table 2 showing ADA, RDA and NAR of Overall Sample Population S.NO. NUT RIENT ADA RDA DIFFERENCE NAR(%) 1 ENERGY(kcal/d)* 2525.34 1875 650.34 135 2 PROTEIN(g/d)** 87.91 50 37.91 176 3 CARBOHYDRATE(g/d)** 417.4 130 287.4 68 4 FAT(g/d)** 52.6 20 32.6 263 *kcal/d- Kilocalorie/day, **g/d - Gram/day Fig 8. Observed consumption frequency of fruits The nutrient consumption (ADA) had been observed to be higher than that of RDA, which may be associated with the risk of health related problems in the studied population. Although on application of student's t-test between ADA and RDA it was not significant (P<0.05). The net difference is represented in the Table 2. above. Also, a closer comparative analysis of the differences in consumption unit of each nutrient with respect to ADA and RDA is represented in figure 11. Fig 9. Observed consumption frequency of fats and fatty foods Fig 11. Graphical representation of comparative analysis of RDA and ADA Fig 10. Observed consumption frequency of sugars Discussion A throughout analysis of the food consumption More than half of the total number of individuals in the frequency is well depicted in Table 1, showing studied population of women subjects is seen to be percentage of total no. of subjects in corresponding non-vegetarian, whereas 40% amongst them are food groups and consumption frequency. Figure 1-10 vegetarian. This suggests that the nutritional status and shows most of the individuals consume cereals and food consumption frequency in the non-vegetarian cereal product as their staple food, making it up to 65%. group have a different pattern of distribution between Milk and milk products show a high consumption the various food groups and dietary pattern in within the sample population as 75% of the total comparison to vegetarians'. But unlike this assumption, individuals consume milk on a daily basis. Fats and sugar even though 60% of the population are non-vegetarian, are equally consumed as cereals, making 65% of the the food habits are almost similar in both the groups, total sample size consuming it daily. Even though 60% and meat and meat products becomes the least of the individuals were non-vegetarian, meat and meat consumed food group amongst all the different products are still less consumed as compared to pulses categories and their sub-categories. and legumes, and vegetables. 7 Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016 The food frequency list gives an overall idea of the that of the RDA, which attributes to the increased risk frequently consumed food in the sample population. A of obesity and obesity-related health issues among a major fraction of individuals prefer cereals and cereal good number the individuals. Hence, the food plan of products as their staple food. The study shows a high the individuals must be revised to improve the quality of consumption of milk and milk products, which most of their health. Increasing the awareness regarding healthy the subjects consume on a daily basis, cereals and sugar food habits would eventually lead to good health among show equal consumption, followed by pulses and the women. legumes, vegetables and fruits. High sugar intake may be due to regular intake of sugar and sweets, which forms References: an inevitable part of Indian delicacies. The least 1. Sati V, Dahiya S. Nutritional Assessment of Rural consumed food, as mentioned above, is meat and meat School- Going Children (7-9 Years) of Hisar products. District,Haryana. 1:363. doi:10.4172/scientific Analysis of ADA and RDA suggests that the total reports. 2012; 363. amount of nutrients (ADA) is found to be exceeding in 2. Vandana Sati, Saroj Dahiya. Nutritional the data. The result was not significant as the sample size Assessment of Rural School-Going Children (7-9 was small. The amount of calorie intake (energy) and Years) of Hisar District, Haryana. Open Access carbohydrate are remarkably higher than that of their Scientific Reports. 2012. recommended dietary allowances. This may be due to 3. Sridhar NL1, Srinivas M2 , Seshagiri G. negligence of the related aspects of nutrients in our Assesment of nutritional status of school going survey such as protein quality, visible and invisible fat children in Andhra Pradesh. Unique Journal of estimation etc., and also micronutrients are not Medical and Dental Sciences 2014, 02 (01): 28-30 considered in our survey. However, the increase in the dietary consumption of macronutrients is clearly 4. Frye, Kristin. Assessing the Nutritional Status of visible, and there is a need to educate and create Primary School Children in Wakiso District awareness regarding healthy food habits. Uganda. Master Essay, University of Pittsburgh(2013). On analysis of Nutrient Adequacy Ratio it was seen that 5. Frary CD, Johnson RK, Wang MQ. Children and amount of energy, protein and fat are 135, 176 and adolescents' choice of beverages high in added 263% respectively, which may cause metabolic disturbances[13]. There are few studies regarding the sugars are associated with intakes of key nutrients and food groups. J Adolesc Health effect of long-term moderate to high intake of protein and the development of chronic diseases[14]. Although 2001; 34: 56-63. few studies show that the body will absorb and use a 6. Caulfield LE, Richard SA, Black RE. greater amount of protein after different types of Under nutrition as an underlying cause of malaria exercises than under more sedentary circumstances[15]. morbidity and mortality in children less than five Studies on weight training show clinically significant years old. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 71: 55-63 gains in muscle mass with a very high protein diet when 7. Chatterjee M 1990. Indian women. Their Health compared to moderate protein intake, in some studies, and Economic productivity. World Bank however, increased protein intake fails to translate into Discussion Papers, 109, Washington, D.C: World functional differences in strength or muscle size[16]. Bank. However, consistently consuming less protein than an 8. Desai Sonalde 1994. Gender Inequality and individual's daily requirement (approximately Demographic Behaviour, India. New York: The 0.7g/kg/day for a sedentary individual)[17] causes loss of Population Council. existing lean body mass, even with an excessively caloric diet[18]. 9. Popkin, BM. 1994. The nutrition transition in low income countries: An emerging crisis. Nutr. Rev. 52: 285-298. Conclusion 10. International Institute for Population Sciences It may be concluded that a fraction of individuals do not (IIPS), 2010. District Level Household and lie in the range of normal healthy individuals, as most of Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007-08: India. the women are taking fat in much higher amounts as Mumbai: IIPS analysed by this survey. However, acquired dietary consumption of nutrients is higher on an average than 8 Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016