University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2017 The Dichotomy Between Film Music and Concert Music: Demonstrated By the Careers of Aaron Copland and Bernard Herrmann Joshua Adam Henry University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at:https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of theMusic Commons Recommended Citation Henry, Joshua Adam, "The Dichotomy Between Film Music and Concert Music: Demonstrated By the Careers of Aaron Copland and Bernard Herrmann" (2017).Theses and Dissertations. 1640. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1640 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN FILM MUSIC AND CONCERT MUSIC: DEMONSTRATED BY THE CAREERS OF AARON COPLAND AND BERNARD HERRMANN by Joshua Adam Henry A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Music at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2017 ABSTRACT THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN FILM MUSIC AND CONCERT MUSIC: DEMONSTRATED BY THE CAREERS OF AARON COPLAND AND BERNARD HERRMANN by Joshua Adam Henry The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2017 Under the Supervision of Professor Gillian Rodger, Ph.D. Aaron Copland and Bernard Herrmann both began working in the film industry in 1939. Both were born in the United States, unlike many prominent composers working in Hollywood during the golden age, and both composed film scores and concert works. Copland composed mostly concert pieces while Herrmann composed mostly film scores. They worked in both the art music and popular music realms, yet they had to continually defend the validity of film music. Although this situation was not uncommon to composers working in Hollywood, this thesis focuses on the careers of Copland and Herrmann to demonstrate the dichotomy between film music and concert music. By contextualizing the careers of Copland and Herrmann within the broader culture of the United States during the early to mid-twentieth century, we can begin to understand how film music fits within music history. To fully understand this, we must rethink the rigid barrier placed between art music and popular music and the barrier between absolute music and pragmatic music, by realizing that these barriers were solidified at the turn of the twentieth century and were more or less foreign to people in the centuries preceding. In doing so, we might be able to understand how film music and art music influence each other, which could then inform how popular and pragmatic music have interacted with art music throughout history. ii © Copyright by Joshua Adam Henry, 2017 All Rights Reserved iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Historical Precedence ........................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2 Aaron Copland 2.1 Career ..................................................................................................................12 2.2 Concert Works ...................................................................................................17 2.3 Film Scores .........................................................................................................23 2.3.1 Documentaries .....................................................................................28 2.3.2 Commercial .........................................................................................30 Chapter 3 Bernard Herrmann 3.1 Career ..................................................................................................................34 3.2 Concert Works ...................................................................................................42 3.3 Film Scores .........................................................................................................48 3.3.1 Hitchcock Scores .................................................................................51 3.3.2 All the Rest ...........................................................................................53 Chapter 4 High Art/Low Art: A False Dichotomy ...........................................................56 Works Consulted ..................................................................................................................71 Appendix A: Aaron Copland’s Filmography ....................................................................75 Appendix B: Bernard Herrmann’s Filmography .............................................................76 iv Introduction Film music has existed for over a hundred and twenty years, but our understanding of how it fits into music history is still quite limited. In general, music history focuses on western European art music while neglecting popular and pragmatic music. Therefore, there is a tension between film music and concert music, because unlike concert music, film music plays a secondary (pragmatic) role in the overall work. Unfortunately, this tension has created a gap in our understanding of film music’s relationship to and place in the art music tradition. Film music scholarship has forged on, creating an interdisciplinary discourse between musicology and film theory.1 Most of this scholarship focuses on how film music functions within a film, referencing specific film scores to demonstrate arguments. Scholars in the 1950s- 1970s, such as Roger Huntley, John Manvell, Irwin Bazelon, and Roy Prendergast, discussed film scores stripped from their filmic context, utilizing analytical tools created for absolute music. Their approach can be understood as trying to demonstrate the validity of film music in comparison to concert music, but it was problematic; it did not accurately demonstrate how film music functioned. Later, in the 1980s-1990s, scholars such as Claudia Gorbman, Royal S. Brown, Kathryn Kalinak, and Caryl Flinn placed the music back within the context of the film and analyzed how film music functioned as part of the whole, drawing not only on the film’s context but also cultural context. Since the 2000s, scholars such as K. J. Donnelly, Mervyn Cooke, James Buhler, David Neumeyer, and Rob Deemer have begun to broaden the discourse 1 For a thorough discussion of the interdisciplinary nature of film music scholarship, see William Rosar’s “Film Studies in Musicology: Disciplinarty vs. Interdiscipliarity,” The Journal of Film Music 2 (2009): 99-125, and David Neumeyer’s “Film Theory and Music Theory: On the Intersection of Two Traditions,” in Music in the Mirror: Reflections on the History of Music Theory and Literature for the 21st Century, (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2002): 275-294. 1 to explore film music’s place in the film in relation to other sound in the film such as sound effects. The work of these scholars and many others is quite crucial to our understanding of film music, but it still does not connect film music to a broader music history or its social context. What are the factors that created the dichotomy between film music and concert music? How has it changed over time? How has it affected musicians and composers, and is this dichotomy global or does it arise only in United States’s culture? These are the kinds of questions that this thesis will pursue. Chapter One contextualizes film music in relation to concert music by highlighting the historical precedence of composers writing both pragmatic and art music in a manner not unlike composers in Hollywood. Much of the music currently in the concert canon was composed for pragmatic reasons instead of artistic ones, yet these works are categorized and treated as absolute music. However, film music is criticized for being subservient to the visuals and dialog of a film. Even when concert suites are arranged from film scores, they have been criticized for not being an autonomous piece. How might breaking down this barrier between pragmatic and art music benefit scholarship and the better understanding of composers such as Mozart and Beethoven, whose incidental music is often overlooked? By examining the careers of two twentieth century composers in the United States who composed film scores and concert works, the tenuousness of the barrier between the two idioms will become more apparent. While there are a number of composers from whom to choose, Aaron Copland and Bernard Herrmann are quite an apt pair for a few reasons. Both Copland and Herrmann began working in the film industry in 1939, and both composers were born in the United States. Many of the prolific composers in Hollywood during the 1930s through the 1950s 2 were European emigres, such as Max Steiner, Franz Waxman, Erich Korngold, Miklos Rózsa, and Dmitri Tiomkin. These men brought with them the late-Romantic European style that then dominated Hollywood scoring. Although Copland studied with Boulanger in Paris, he was very conscious of finding an American sound. Therefore, Copland and Herrmann demonstrate an US perspective on music. They are also a good pair, because they were prolific in different spheres; Copland composed mostly concert works with a few film scores, while Herrmann composed mostly film scores with fewer concert works. This contrast allows the different difficulties that they faced to be more apparent. Finally, Copland and Herrmann worked mainly outside the Hollywood studio system, meaning they were not under the same pressures as those who were part of the system. This narrow focus only reveals part of the Hollywood tradition during the golden age of film. Research into other composers, especially those who worked fully under the studio system, would further contextualize the dichotomy between film music and concert music. In chapter two, I will explore the career of Aaron Copland. How did he view music and composition in both realms? How did others view his work? A general overview of his career gives context to his concert works and film scores. Scholarship on Copland often discusses what seems to be a split personality in his compositions: a popular idiom and a modern idiom. Closer examination will reveal that the distinction is more fluid. A focused look at his concert works reveals a balance between popular and modern musical idioms. Finally, investigating his work in film demonstrates similarities between his concert works and film scores. Chapter Three examines the career of Bernard Herrmann. How was it like Copland’s and how was it different? Herrmann’s conducting career and many record releases demonstrate his interaction with the art music world in between his busy schedule in radio, film, and television. He composed many of his concert works before working in Hollywood, partially because he was 3 so busy with his radio and movie responsibilities, but also because he spent nine years writing an opera. A closer look at his concert works reveals his preference for programmatic music. How do they compare to his film scores? Herrmann is mostly known for his scores to Hitchcock films, and much of his style in these scores can also be found in some of his concert works. Yet, Herrmann’s Hitchcock scores are only a small percentage of his film work. These other film scores reveal some similarities with his concert works as well. If there are many similarities between the concert works of Copland and Herrmann and their film scores, and if many composers before them also composed in different idioms, why has film music been criticized so harshly? Chapter Four examines the musical cultural hierarchies in the United States that were solidified at the turn of the twentieth century and how they effected the way that composers navigated their careers. The distinctions between highbrow and lowbrow culture were rigidly set at the beginning of the twentieth century, but it was a process that began in the nineteenth century. Popular music and art music comingled in the nineteenth century, but as the mentality of art for art’s sake took hold, they began to be separated. A canon of “worthy” music was created and it could not be sullied by lower forms of music such as dance music or theatrical music. The pieces in the canon were also made to be sacred texts created by geniuses, whose authority could not be questioned or pieces altered. This chapter also explores how European composers did not experience the same difficulties as composers in the United States in terms of composing film scores and concert works. Film music and concert music do indeed have their differences. Concert music can be analyzed on its own, but film music must be analyzed within the context of the film. Concert music is generally longer, and it is continuous rather than consisting of scattered cues. The goal of this thesis is not to assert that there were no differences; rather it is to demonstrate that these 4 differences are not as stark as some might suggest. More importantly, these differences should not allow value judgments to be placed on them. Insights into film music can inform perceptions of concert music and vice versa. 5