Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Ministry of Higher Educati on and Scientific Research University of Tlemcen Faculty of Letters and Languages University of Tlemcen Department of English Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Arabic/French code switching in Tlemcen Speech Community, case of Students’ French Department. Extended Essay submitted to the Department of English as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master in Language Studies Presented By: Supervised By: Miss.YAHI NASSIMA Dr. NEGADI NASSIM Board of Examiners Dr. N.NEGADI Supervisor (University of Tlemcen) Academic Year: 2014/2015 Dedication I would to dedicate my work to my lovely family particularly my parents; Mohammed and Nacèra, as well as my brothers; Taha and Yassine.I like to dedicate my cousines Asma, Fatima and Meriem and my best sincere friends Meftahi Hakima and Maidri Meriem. A special feeling to my grandmothers for their Doaa. Nassima Acknowledgment A great appreciation and respect to my supervisor Dr. Ngadi Nassim for his patience and helpful advice to follow the right way from beginning until the end of this research work. Also I would to acknowledge all my friends; especially my sincere friends Meriem , Karima and Nezha and special thanks to all our teachers with loyal respect. Special thanks to students of French department who participated in this research work for gaining information, also special thanks to teachers of French department who accept our interview. Finally, I hope to express my deepest love to my dear family who they all the time encouraged me for best studies. Chapter one: Chapter two: references Appendices Abstract Code switching has long been studied in sociolinguistics. Some researches rely on psychological side of the bilinguals and the other researches rely on the impact of the society on bilingual’s speech. Most of People code switch from one language to another especially if there are more than one language in one community. Our research was about aspect of code switching in Tlemcen speech community the case of students’ French department. The methodological part showed the different patterns: code switching, code mixing and borrowing which they was introduced to explain the function of each one of them by examples and views of scholars and linguists. The mixture of varieties had a relationship with code switching and there were: diaglossia and bilingualism which they represented the situation of two or more language in the same environment and the differences among individuals in addition to social levels that distinguish high variety and low variety of one language which are rel ated to the situations and circumstances that obliged the individuals to switch from one language to another or use a foreign language instead of mother tongue. Algerian society as best example of these features which there is a complex situation related to cultural context and thought of Algerian bilinguals, French language is the second language after the MSA but most of people speech not devoid from French words. The practical part dealt with studies and collecting data from students’Frensh department, the data showed different answers and point of views by using two research tools: questionnaire and interview. The data collection and results was represented by figures and tables which showed different proportion of students’ questions, in addition to this, teachers answers on questions of the interview helped us to gain more information. Table of contents: Acknowledgments………………………………………………………..I Dedication………………………………………………………………...II Abstract…………………………………………………………………...III Table of contents……………………………………………………….…V List of figures ……………………………………………………………VI List of tables……………………………………………………………...VII List of acronyms………………………………………………………...VIII General introduction………………………………………………………01 Chapter one: Theoretical part 1. Introduction………………………………………………………..…...03 1.1 Code switching defined……………………………………………….03 1.2 Types of code-switching……………………………………………....04 1.2.1 Intra-sentential switching………………………………………....04 1.2.2 Inter-sentential switching…………………………………………04 1.2.3 Tag switching…………………………………………………..…05 1.3 Code mixing defined…………………………………………………..05 1.4 Code mixing vs. code-switching……………………………………....06 1.5 Borrowing defined………………………………………………….....07 1.6 Types of borrowing……………………………………………………08 1.7 Code switching vs. borrowing…………………………………………10 1.1. History of code switching ……………………………………………..11 1.2. Causes of code switching……………………………………………....12 1.3 .Theories of code switching……………….……………………………13 1.4. Bilingualism ……………………………………………………….…...16 1.4.1types of bilingualism ……………………………………………..…...17 1.5. Diglossia……………………………………………………….………..20 1.6 .Algerians ‘attitudes towards code switching…………………………....24 2. Conclusion………………………………………………………………...24 Chapter two: practical part 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..…30 1.1 Case study of students ‘French language situation…………………...30 1.1.1 Questionnaires and interviews…………………………………...30 1.1.2 Questionnaire and interview target situation…………………....31 1.2 Data collection………………………………………………………...31 1.3 Analysis data collection and results…………………………………..32 2. Conclusion……………………………………………………………...38 General conclusion……………………………………………………….39 Bibliography. Appendices.