Democracy, Nationalism and Multiculturalism Addressing how democracies can deal with plurality, Democracy, Nationalism and Multiculturalism looks at the political accommodation of national plurality in liberal democracies and in the European Union at the turn of the century. Democracy, Nationalism and Multiculturalism provides an up to date review of subnational and multicultural issues in Western multinational democracies. The book includes normative, institutional and comparative accounts of such key issues as: • Politics and policies of accommodation • Multiculturalism • Recognition of group rights • Federalist reforms and debates in Canada and European states • The political construction of the European Union. The volume builds bridges, and brings together, a number of debates that have often taken place separately. Its panel of international authorities examines this issue from a variety of perspectives, considering questions of citizenship, multiculturalism, immigration and equality. The contributors – many of whom have set the terms of this debate in international political science – include Bhikhu Parekh, Alain-G. Gagnon, Raffaele Iacovino, Philip Resnick, Ramón Máiz, Wayne Norman, Ferran Requejo, Will Kymlicka, Klaus-Jürgen Nagel and John Loughlin. The Editors: Ramón Máiz is Professor of Political Science, University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). He is the joint editor of Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies, and The Construction of Europe, Democracy and Globalisation. Ferran Requejo is Professor of Political Science at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. He is the author of Multinational Federalism and Value Pluralism: The Spanish Case and editor of Democracy and National Pluralism (both published by Routledge). Routledge Innovations in Political Theory 1 A radical green political theory Alan Carter 2 Rational woman A feminist critique of dualism Raia Prokhovnik 3 Rethinking state theory Mark J. Smith 4 Gramsci and contemporary politics Beyond pessimism of the intellect Anne Showstack Sassoon 5 Post-ecologist politics Social theory and the abdication of the ecologist paradigm Ingolfur Blühdorn 6 Ecological relations Susan Board 7 The political theory of global citizenship April Carter 8 Democracy and national pluralism Edited by Ferran Requejo 9 Civil society and democratic theory Alternative voices Gideon Baker 10 Ethics and politics in contemporary theory Between critical theory and post-Marxism Mark Devenney 11 Citizenship and identity Towards a new republic John Schwarzmantel 12 Multiculturalism, identity and rights Edited by Bruce Haddock and Peter Sutch 13 Political theory of global justice A cosmopolitan case for the world state Luis Cabrera 14 Democracy, nationalism and multiculturalism Edited by Ramón Máiz and Ferran Requejo Democracy, Nationalism and Multiculturalism Edited by Ramón Máiz and Ferran Requejo FRANK CASS LONDON AND NEW YORK This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.'' First Published in 2005 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and in the United States of America by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS 270 Madison Avenue, New York NY 10016 Copyright collection © 2005 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd Copyright chapters © 2005 contributors British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-203-31392-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–415–34785–8 (Print Edition) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher of this book. Contents Notes on contributors vi Introduction 1 RAMÓN MÁIZ AND FERRAN REQUEJO 1 Dialogue between cultures 13 BHIKHU PAREKH 2 Interculturalism: expanding the boundaries of citizenship 25 ALAIN-G. GAGNON AND RAFFAELE IACOVINO 3 Accommodating national differences within multinational states 43 PHILIP RESNICK 4 Nation and deliberation 58 RAMÓN MÁIZ 5 From nation-building to national engineering: the ethics of shaping identities 79 WAYNE NORMAN 6 Multinational, not ‘postnational’, federalism 96 FERRAN REQUEJO 7 Federalism and secession: East and West 108 WILL KYMLICKA 8 Dilemmas of stateless nations in the European Union 127 KLAUS-JÜRGEN NAGEL 9 The ‘transformation’ of governance: new directions in policy and politics 144 JOHN LOUGHLIN Index 160 Notes on contributors Alain-G. Gagnon is Professor of Political Science at the Université du Québec à Montréal where he holds the Canada Research Chair in Quebec and Canadian Studies. He is also a member of the Research Group on Multinational Societies based at the same university. His most recent publications include Ties That Bind. Parties and Voters in Canada (with James Bickerton and Patrick Smith), Oxford University Press, 1999; The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec (edited with Hugh Segal), Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2000; Multinational Democracies (edited with James Tully), Cambridge University Press, 2001; Quebec: State and Society, Broadview Press, 2003 and The Conditions of Diversity in Multinational Democracies (edited with Montserrat Guibernau and François Rocher), Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2003. Raffaele Iacovino is a PhD candidate at McGill University and research associate with the Canada research Chair in Quebec and Canadian studies at the Université du Québec à Montréal. His research focuses on Canadian politics, Quebec– Canada relations and citizenship. In collaboration with A. Gagnon, he has written Citizenship, Federalism and National Diversity: The Condition of Multina- tionality in Canada, Peterborough, Broadview Press (forthcoming 2005). Will Kymlicka holds the Canada Research Chair in Political Philosophy at Queen’s University, and is a Visiting Professor in the Nationalism Studies Program at the Central European University. His recent books include Multicultural Citizenship (1995) and Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multicultural- ism and Citizenship (2001). John Loughlin is Professor of European Politics at the University of Cardiff, and is a visiting professor at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Paris). Founder and Joint Editor of Regional and Federal Studies, his recent books include Wales and Europe: Welsh Regional Actors and European Integration (1997), Regionalism and Ethnic Nationalism in France: a case study of Corsica (1989) and Subnational Democracy in the European Union: Challenges and Opportunities (2001). Notes on contributors vii Ramón Máiz is Professor of Political Science at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). He is member of the board of the IPSA Committee on Ethnicity and Politics and member of the Executive Committee of the Spanish Political Science Association. His recent books include (with William Safran) Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies (2000); (et al.) The Construction of Europe, Democracy and Globalization (2001); and he is completing a book on nationalism: The Inner Frontier. Klaus-Jürgen Nagel is Professor of Political Science and coordinator of the Political Theory Research Group at Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona). He obtained his doctoral degree in 1989 and worked for the universities of Bielefeld and Frankfurt/Main. He has published on nationalism, federalism and European integration, among other topics. Wayne Norman is the McConnell Professor of Business Ethics at the Université de Montréal. He has written extensively on multiculturalism, nationalism, federalism and secession, and co-edited (with Will Kymlicka) Citizenship in Diverse Societies (OUP 2000) and (with Ronald Beiner) Canadian Political Philosophy (OUP 2001). He is currently completing work on an anthology of readings from the history of federalist thought (with Dimitrios Karmis), as well as a book to be called Thinking Through Nationalism. Bhikhu Parekh is Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Westminster and Fellow of the British Academy. He is the author of several books in political philosophy. His Rethinking Multiculturalism was published by Harvard University Press and Macmillan in 2000. He is the recipient of SirIsaiah Berlin Prize for lifelong contribution to political philosophy. Ferran Requejo is Professor of Political Science at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona. Among his recent works are: Multinational Federalism and Value Pluralism (Routledge 2005), Federalisme Plurinacional i Estat de les Autonomies (Proa 2003); Democracy and National Pluralism (ed.) Routledge, 2001 (Spanish version, Ariel 2002); Zoom Polític: democràcia, federalisme i nacionalisme des d’una Catalunya europea, Proa, 1998; Federalisme, per a què?, Tres i Quatre, 1998. Philip Resnick is a Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of British Columbia and held the Chair in Canadian Studies at the Université de Paris III in 2002–03. His books include The Masks of Proteus: Canadian Reflections on the State; Letters to a Québécois Friend; Toward a Canada-Quebec Union; Thinking English Canada; and Twenty-First Century Democracy. Introduction Ramón Máiz and Ferran Requejo At the end of the 1970s, the conception of the state as a nation-state began to undergo a profound revision. This affected political theory, institutional policies and arrangements for the territorial division of power. A perception of the state as a monocultural and uninational entity, which gave rise to political centralism, a uniformist interpretation of federalism and assimilation policies for immigrants, underwent a number of important changes. One example of these was the experi- ments in multinational federalism that took place in Canada, Belgium and Spain. These facilitated the recognition of the pluralities of culture, language and identity of the different national minorities within these countries. After Canada took the first step in 1971, there followed an explosion of multiculturalist public policies. The scope and political orientation of these policies has been quite different in New Zealand, Australia, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, in all cases they have resulted in a greater tolerance and recognition for the cultures of immigrants and other ethnic, cultural and religious groups. This political and theoretical evolution towards the normative implementation of national and cultural pluralism and alternative lifestyles in contemporary societies has brought about an extraordinary development in political theory. Following the framework described by W. Kymlicka, it is possible to identify three stages for this development (Kymlicka 2001). An initial stage, in the 1980s, centred on the liberalism/communitarianism debate and critiques of the work of Rawls by those who, faced with an individualistic citizenry and a theory of justice that established the latter’s primacy over the ideas of the good, demanded the normative insertion of the individual into the collective as the possessor of a specific idea of the good life. In this initial phase, the defence of a series of minority rights implied the acceptance, albeit partially, of some of the communitarian theses through different formulations. Among these theses were the clash between authenticity (or identity) and autonomy, between a culturally interventionist state and one that was culturally neutral, between the community and society, the primacy of the ideas of the good over the idea of justice, and so on. The second stage, in the 1990s, saw the theoretical debate shift to within liberalism itself for reasons of plausibility and the obvious limits displayed by the criticisms of the