DEMOCRACY, S H A Civil society is often expected to rise above historical and contemporary socio-economic forces such as the neoliberal economic H CIVIL SOCIETY policy and undertake the transformation of a stratified society to an egalitarian society conducive to democracy. Democracy, Civil Society and Governance is an endeavour to critically examine such and expectations.The book focuses on the interplay of democracy, civil society and public policy implementation, and addresses the role of GOVERNANCE civil society in terms of the changing nature of the economy and the condition of the working class. It highlights the reinforcement of D hegemonic value systems by the contemporary mainstream civil E M society as well as the role of the pro-poor civil society in supporting and O mobilizing the disadvantaged for their rights and justice. The book also A C critically evaluates government policies and their implementation in the N R D domains of education, public health, employment, social upliftment A and environment. GC OY V, EC RI Ghanshyam Shah is a retired Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru V N University, New Delhi; and former Director, Centre for Social I AL Studies, Surat. N S C O E C I E T Y ` 795 ISBN 978-93-532-8179-3 GHANSHYAM SHAH SAGE was founded in 1965 by Sara Miller McCune to support the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative and high-quality research and teaching content. Today, we publish over 900 journals, including those of more than 400 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and a growing range of library products including archives, data, case studies, reports, and video. SAGE remains majority-owned by our founder, and after Sara’s lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures our continued independence. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne DEMOCRACY, CIVIL SOCIETY and GOVERNANCE DEMOCRACY, CIVIL SOCIETY and GOVERNANCE GHANSHYAM SHAH Copyright © Ghanshyam Shah, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 2019 by SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, India www.sagepub.in SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP, United Kingdom SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 18 Cross Street #10-10/11/12 China Square Central Singapore 048423 Published by Vivek Mehra for SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd and typeset in 10.5/13 pt Berkeley by Zaza Eunice, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Shah, Ghanshyam, author. Title: Democracy, civil society and governance/Ghanshyam Shah. Description: Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018046263 | ISBN 9789353281793 (print (pb)) | ISBN 9789353281809 (e pub 2.0) | ISBN 9789353281816 (e book) Subjects: LCSH: Civil society—India. | Democracy—India. | Representative government and representation—India. | Social structure—India. | Economic development—Social aspects—India. | Poor—Political activity—India. Classification: LCC JQ281.S48 2018 | DDC 300.954—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc. gov/2018046263 ISBN: 978-93-532-8179-3 (HB) SAGE Team: Abhijit Baroi, Vandana Gupta, Shobana Paul and Nishant Dhawan To Aarav, Aashna and Shama Thank you for choosing a SAGE product! If you have any comment, observation or feedback, I would like to personally hear from you. Please write to me at [email protected] Vivek Mehra, Managing Director and CEO, SAGE India. Bulk Sales SAGE India offers special discounts for purchase of books in bulk. We also make available special imprints and excerpts from our books on demand. For orders and enquiries, write to us at Marketing Department SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I-1, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, Post Bag 7 New Delhi 110044, India E-mail us at [email protected] Subscribe to our mailing list Write to [email protected] This book is also available as an e-book. CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix List of Abbreviations xi Preface xvii Introduction 1 1. Civil Society: Historical Background 25 2. Civil Society Organizations and Social Activists 51 3. Civil Society and Education: Reproducing Hegemony and Inequality 71 4. Self-employed Workers and Their Empowerment 109 5. Legal Recourse and Collective Struggles of the Subalterns 129 6. Social Movements of the Non-poor 153 7. Narmada Dam: Development and Displacement 171 Epilogue 202 Bibliography 212 Index 231 About the Author 239