This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20340-5100 FEB 0.2 2017 U-17-1067/FAC-2A1 (FOIA) Mr. John Greenewald, Jr. Dear Mr. Greenewald: This responds to your Freedom oflnformation Act (FOIA) request, dated June 18, 2014, that you submitted to the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) for information concerning a copy of all current style guides utilized by DIA. I apologize for the delay in responding to your request. DIA continues its efforts to eliminate the large backlog of pending FOIA requests. In order to properly respond, it was necessary to consult with another office within the agency. A search ofDIA's system of records located one document (234 pages) responsive to your request. Upon review, I have determined that some portions of the one document (234 pages) must be withheld in part from disclosure pursuant to the FOIA. The withheld portions are exempt from release pursuant to Exemptions 3 ofthe FOIA, 5 U.S.C. § (b)(3). Exemption 3 applies to information specifically exempted by a statute establishing particular criteria for withholding. The applicable statute is 10 U.S.C. § 424. Statute 10 U.S.C. § 424 protects the identity ofDIA employees, the organizational structure ofthe agency, and any function ofDIA If you are not satisfied with my response to your request, you may contact the DIA FOIA Requester Service Center, as well as our FOIA Public Liaison at 301-394-5587. Additionally, you may contact the Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) at the National Archives and Records Administration to inquire about the FOIA mediation services they offer. You may contact OGIS by email at [email protected]; telephone at 202-741-5770, toll free at 1-877-684-6448 or facsimile at 202-741-5769; or you may mail them at the following address: Office of Government Information Services National Archives and Records Administration 8601 Adelphi Road-OGIS College Park, MD 20740-6001 You may also exercise your right to file an administrative appeal by writing to the address below and referring to case number 0367-2014. Your appeal must be postmarked no later than 90 days after the date of this letter. Defense Intelligence Agency 7 400 Pentagon ATTN: FAC-2A1 (FOIA) Washington, D.C. 20301-7400 Sincerely, ~~ Enclosure Alesia Y. Williams Chief, FOIA and Declassification Services Office I :'·.JC: .-'-.)Sir ' I) FOREWORD DIA Style Manual for Intelligence Production Defense Intelligence producers are more than analysts; they are also professional writers. Despite various new media and technological developments. writing is still the principal medium through which the Agency conveys its information, ideas, and concerns to customers. If our written products are to have the impact and inspire the confidence they warrant, they need to be delivered in a well-crafted package. This manual is the authoritative reference to help us create that package. It sets Agency standards for written intelligence production. minimizing the guesswork on capitalization. numbers, abbreviations, and other style points. Consequently. intelligence producers can focus on crafting effective arguments to support analytic judgments. The DIA Style Manual for Intelligence Production has been in use for decades. The manual's executive agent. the Directorate for Analysis. refines the guidance as Intelligence Community standards develop and the language evolves. The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual served as the basis for most of the guidance in this manual, and other references provided additional direction, notably The Gregg Reference Manual. As professional analysts, we focus every day on maintaining subject matter expertise, but communicating that expertise requires us to maintain excellent writing skills. DIA must convey a Defense Intelligence message that is concise, precise. and compelling. This manual is a key tool in our arsenal as we execute our mission and ensure we meet the highest possible standards. (bX3):1o usc 424 iii IJ•.JC: ASSIH i) CONTEI'\lTS CHAPTER I: Practical Advice for Writers and Editors Be Aware of Grammar Rules Versus Superstitions ........................................................................... 3 Consider Style and Context ................................................................................................................ .3 Use Short Sentences and Paragraphs ................................................................................................. 3 Short Se:~icnces . ................ ..................................... .. ......................................................... .3 Get to the Point in Topic Sentences ................................................................................................... 4 Focus Headings ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Limit the Passive Voice ......................................................................................................................... 4 Recognizing Passive Voice ........................................................................................................ . 4 Activating the Passive ................................................................................................................ 5 Using Passive Voice Effectively . .............. ... .. ......... . ........ . .. .. .. ..... . ................................ 5 Rethink Expletive Constructions ........................................................................................................ 5 D:::m·t Co'lfJ se Passive Voice 2.nd Past Tense ....................................... . .. .............................. .5 Avoid Nouns That Stifle Verbs ............................................................................................................ 6 Use Qualifiers Judiciously ...................................................................................................................... 6 Avoid Cliched Concepts and Jargon .................................................................................................... 6 Keep Parallel Ideas in Parallel Form .................................................................................................... 6 Put Modifiers in Their Place ................................................................................................................. 7 Restl"ictive Modifiers .................................................................................................................. 7 Danglers ..... . ............................................ ······························································ ....... 7 Avoid Illogical Shifts Within a Sentence ............................................................................................ 7 Tense .................................................................................................. ............................ . 7 Mood ..................................................................... . .. 7 Vv'ork Tov.:a,-d J Common Goal: ReacJbl:,•.y................... ...................... ..................................... .. .... 8 Subject or Voice .................................................................................................................. . 8 Person......... . ....................................................................................................................... 8 Number ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Tone or Style ............................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2: Abbreviations To Use or Not To Use ......................................................................................................................... l I Vv'her To htmduc.e J"l Abbrev.Jl.O;l. .. .................................................................................................. I I Establishing Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 12 Forming and Using Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... I 2 Capitalization............................................................................. . ..................................... 12 Italics With Abbreviations................................... .. ................................ I 3 Periods in Abbreviations ........................... .. .................................. I 3 Plural and Singular Abbreviations ..................................................... .. .. ................................. 13 Fcrrn1ng Plura!s of Abbreviations ................................................................ . .............................. 13 Possessives and Abbreviations .......................... ........................................................................ 14 l.NC! ;.~.Sil·ll ') iv Prefixes and Suffixes With Abbreviations ...................... .......................... ............................. 14 Hyphenation When Introducing Abbreviations ................................................................... ... IS Articles Accompanying Abbreviations ................................................................................ . IS A or /\:~1 ........................................... .. . ......... " ............. IS Nix GOx Abbl·ev,<OtiCI'S .... .. ........ 16 Avoiding Redundancy ... ................................................... ........................ .. ........... I 6 Country Names ......... .. .. .................................................................................................... 16 Military Rank/Rate .... .. . ............................................................................................ 16 U.S. Army Officers/Warrant Officers.. ..................................................................... 16 U.S. Navy and Coast Guard Officers/Warrant Officers ..... . .. ................... 17 U.S. Air Fo1·ce Officers .... . ..... ............. ............... . ......... . .. ................ 17 U.S. Marine Corps Officers/Warrant Officers .. . 17 U.S. Army Enlisted Personnel ........................... . 18 U.S. Navy and Coast Guard Enlisted Personnel ............ 18 U.S. Air Force Enlisted Personnel. ...... ... 18 U.S. Marine Corps Enlisted Personnel 19 Foreign Military Officers .................... . ............................. 19 Units of Measure ................................... 20 MonthsandDays ............. ................. ........................... 21 Percert a:~d Other S)'mbols.... ...................... . ........................................ 21 Abbreviation List .................................................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 3: Capitalization Beginnings ........................................................................................ ,. .................................................... 59 Proper Names .................................................... ,. ................................................................................5 9 CJp1t<:l1zing Plur<;ls ................................................... .. ............................................................................. 59 Common Nouns in Proper Names . ............................................................ . .. 60 Derivatives of Proper Names ................................................................................................... 60 Particles With Proper Names .................................................................................................. 61 Organized Bodies ................................................................................................................................. 63 Governmental Bodies .............................. ........... .............................................. .. ............. 63 Pa~!iame1t ......................................................................................................................... .. . " ..... 63 Military Forces ....................... ....................................................................................... 64 U.S. Military Services and Combatant Commands ........................................... . .. ........ 65 International Organizations ..................................................................................................... 65 Diplomatic and Consular Units ............................................................................................... 65 The /l.gency................ ..... ........................................ ............... .............. .... .. ..... .......... .. ... 66 DIA-Specific Capitalization........ ..... .. ...... ................................. .. ................. ...................... 66 Political Parties and Philosophies ...................................................................................................... 66 Party Names ............................................................................................................................ 66 CONTEr·HS -- Philosophies .......................................................................................................... 66 Religious Terms ....................................................................................................................................6 6 Geographic Terms ............................................................................................................................... 67 Nationalities, Tribes, and Other Groups of People ....................................................................... 68 Coined Names .....................................................................................................................................6 8 Titles of Persons .................................................................................................................................. 69 The US President ............................................................................................... 69 Titles and Headings ............................................................................................................................. 70 Cross-References .................................................................................................................................. 70 Word Equivalents of Abbreviations/Acronyms ............................................................................. 70 Emphasis ................................................................................................................................................ 70 Seasons .................................................................................................................................................. 70 Military Equipment Designators ........................................................................................................ 70 Military Exercises, Operations, and Special Projects ...................................................................... 71 Academic Degrees ................................................................................................................................ 71 Chemical Elements and Isotopes ....................................................................................................... 71 Plant and Animal Genus and Species ................................................................................................. 72 CHAPTER 4: Numbers Basic Rules ............................................................................................................................................ 75 Tu ··'ling Off Super·scr·ip1il'g for· 0-·clinc.l Nu:-nbers ......................................... .. " .. 76 Other Number Rules ........................................................................................................................... 76 Ordinal Numbers ..................................................................................................................... 76 Numbers in Tables .................................. . ............................................................................ 77 Numbers at Beginnings of Sentences ..................................................................................... 77 Metric Units ....................... . .......................................................................................... 77 Metnc and Nonme:nc .................. ........................... ................... . 78 Measurements ............................ .. 79 Age ........................................................................................................................ .. . ......... 79 Dates .............................................................. . ............................................................... 79 Fr·om. 3etweel, Jnd Dashes ................................................................................................................................. 80 Time .................................................... ............ .............. .......................................................... 80 Years ............................................................. .. ........................................................................ 80 Decades/Centuries .......................... . ........................................................................... 80 Clock Time ......................................... ..................................................................................... 81 Money.......................... ........................ .................................... .. ........................... 81 Percentages ................ . ............................. 81 Times Phrases .......... .. .. ....................... .......... 81 Ratios. Odds. Returns ............................................................ .. .. ....................... ........... 81 vi BE Numbers ............................................................................................................................... 82 Geog1·aphic Coordinates ..... ·····-·-······-- -·---··-···········-···-----·--············· ...................... -·--·· 82 Mathematical Expressions ·-······-········ ······ 82 Numerical Designators······-···- .......... ··-··-··-···-··-··-····· ······-·····-··-··-···-············ ·-··-········ 82 Numbers in Proper Names·-····-·-·--·-------···-·-·--··--··-·-·-··- ................... . . -·· -· 82 Indefinite and Nonliteral Numbers ......................................................................................... 83 Millions. Billions. and So Forth ..................................................................................... ............. 83 Ranges. __ ·----- ·-·-- .............. ............ ..... ...... ..... ........................ . ............................... 83 App;oxir·)c.Ucn.................... ........................................................................ .. ............................. 83 Commas With Numbers ......................................................... ......................... . ......... 84 Numbers With x To Stand for by--···--·---·---------------------·---·---·------ ·-------·----·------·----------------·----------------84 Possessive Case With Numbers .................................... .. .............................................. 84 Decimals ................................................................................................................................... 84 Fractions __ ·-·----.. .. .............. .......................................................... 84 Mixed Numbers ............................................................................ 85 Numbers in Unit Modifiers ....................................................... ............................................ 85 Numbers Side by Side ........ ------·---------·-------·-------·---··---· ·---·-·-----·-·-··-·--··- ...................... 85 Singular and Plural Units With Numbers .................................................................................. 85 Quantities and Numbers as Subjects ................................................................................................ 86 CHAPTER 5: Current Usage Word Choices ...................................................................................................................................... 89 Amo<g a 1d Between ................................................................................................................................................ 92 Cor~ pose, Corlp:·ise, Consci'.Ule, Include ............ .. 96 Data ............................................................ . .. ......................................................... 98 Endem•c, lnaigerous. Nc.t1ve....................................................... ..................................... .. .................. 99 Instead of, Rather TJ-,an, Vice. Vel-sJs.. ................... ...................................... .. ..... I0 2 l_eaders Leade1·ship..... .......................... .. ...................... ...... ................ .................... .. .... I 03 Nol O"!ly .. Bu: A•so ........................................................................................................................................... 105 Pa-'lian1e1ta1·:an ................................................................. .. ................................................................ I0 6 P:-edon·1i1-:ar~t. ?redom•r~ate. P:-edo:nina.llly. Pr·edor,lr.ate'y ............. .................. .... . ........................................ I0 7 Rep'eser,,_. .................................................... ............................................. .................................. I0 8 O·llit11ng That.................................................................................................................................... I 09 Economy of Words ........................................................................................................................... I 13 Simple Words ..................................................................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER 6: Punctuation Apostrophe ........................................................................................................................................ 123 For Possessives ............................................................................................................... ________ 123 Vii