Deep Mapping the Literary Lake District • Aperçus: Histories Texts Cultures Editor Kat Lecky Loyola University Chicago Aperçus is a series of books exploring the connections among historiography, cul- ture, and textual representation in various disciplines. Revisionist in intention, Aperçus seeks monographs as well as guest-edited multi-authored volumes that stage critical interventions to open up new possibilities for interrogating how sys- tems of knowledge production operate at the intersections of individual and col- lective thought. We are particularly interested in medieval, Renaissance, early modern, and Restoration texts and contexts. Areas of focus include premodern conceptions and theorizations of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality in art, literature, his- torical artefacts, medical and scientific works, political tracts, and religious texts; negotiations between local, national, and imperial intellectual spheres; the cultures, literatures, and politics of the excluded and marginalized; print history and the history of the book; the medical humanities; and the cross- pollination of humanistic and scientific modes of inquiry. We welcome projects by early-career scholars, but are unable to consider unrevised dissertations. Please send a proposal and letter of inquiry to Professor Katarzyna Lecky at [email protected]. Recent titles in the Aperçus series: Deep Mapping the Literary Lake District: A Geographical Text Analysis Joanna E. Taylor and Ian N. Gregory Oriental Networks: Culture, Commerce, and Communication in the Long Eighteenth Century Greg Clingham and Bärbel Czennia, eds.  Writing Lives in the Eighteenth Century Tanya Caldwell, ed. For more information about the series, please visit www.bucknelluniversity press .org. Deep Mapping the Literary Lake District • A Geographical Text Analy sis Joanna E. Taylor Ian N. Gregory lewisburg, pennsylvania Cataloging-in-Publication data is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-1-68448-376-1 cloth ISBN 978-1-68448-375-4 paper ISBN 978-1-68448-377-8 epub LCCN 2021038288 A British Cataloging- in- Publication rec ord for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2022 by Joanna E. Taylor and Ian N. Gregory All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Bucknell University Press, Hildreth- Mirza Hall, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837-2005. The only exception to this prohibition is “fair use” as defined by U.S. copyright law. References to internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Bucknell University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. www . bucknelluniversitypress . org Distributed worldwide by Rutgers University Press Manufactured in the United States of Amer i ca Contents Figures vii Tables xi Note on the Data x iii 1 Deep Mapping and the Corpus of Lake District Writing 1 The Distant Reader and the Close: Toward Multiscalar Analy sis 3 The Corpus of Lake District Writing 7 Corpus Linguistics and Geographical Information Science 1 0 Geo graph ic al Text Analy sis 16 Deep Mapping as Literary Practice 24 2 Picturesque Technologies and the Digital Humanities 29 Specifying in General: Deep Mapping and the Gilpinian Picturesque 3 2 The Picturesque in the CLDW 34 Protest against the Wrong: The Prob lem with Picturesque Data 45 Virtual Playgrounds in Text and on Screen 5 1 3 Tourists, Travelers, Inhabitants: Variant Digital Literary Geographies 58 The “Discovery” of the Lake District 60 Keep Moving: Tourism in the Lakes 6 1 Proceeding at Leisure: Traveling in the Lake District 70 Away from the Show Place: The Inhabitants’ Lakeland 77 v vi Contents 4 Walking in the Literary Lakes 1 00 Types of Lake District Walking 1 04 Walking along a Good Road: Taking a Lakeland Excursion 107 “Linger Th ere a Breathing While”: Being a Pedestrian in the Lakes 1 25 5 Seeing Sound: Mapping the Lake District’s Soundscape 141 The Power of Sound, Noise, and Silence 1 44 Wordsworthian Listening 150 How the W ater Comes Down: Listening to Waterfalls 1 55 The “Most Expensive Luxuries”: Cannon- Fire and En glish Echoes 1 65 6 Digital Cartographies and Personal Geographies: (Re-)Mapping Scafell 178 Mapping Scafell 180 Climbing Scafell 1 93 The View from the Top 2 04 Conclusion: The Future of Deep Mapping 213 Appendix: The Corpus of Lake District Writing 2 19 Acknowl edgments 223 Notes 2 25 Bibliography 245 Index 267 Figures 1.1 The basic geography of the Lake District. 8 1.2 A GIS data model based on a hy po thet i cal example of places named in texts about the Lake District. 12 1.3 Examples of the four types of spatial data representing features in and around the Lake District. 13 1.4 Simplified example of geoparsing: a text fragment from William Wilberforce’s Journey to the Lake District from Cambridge. 17 1.5 Simplified repre sen ta tion of a text suitable for reading into a GIS. 19 1.6 Proportion symbol map showing the locations of “Words worth” PNCs. 20 1.7 Density- smoothed map showing the locations of “Words worth” PNCs. 21 1.8 Kulldorff clusters map showing hot and cold spots for “Words worth” PNCs. 23 2.1 Instances of “picturesque” in the corpus over time. 35 2.2 PNCs for “picturesque” in Gilpin’s Observations. 36 2.3 Kulldorff hot spots for PNCs of “beautiful” and “sublime.” 39 2.4 Density- smoothed map of “picturesque” PNCs in the late eigh teenth century (1770–1795). 40 2.5 Density- smoothed map of “picturesque” PNCs in the Romantic era (1796–1837). 41 2.6 Density- smoothed map of “picturesque” PNCs in the Victorian era (1838–1900). 44 2.7 Heights of “picturesque” PNCs. 47 2.8 John Ruthven’s geological map. 55 vii viii List of Figures 3.1 Density- smoothed map, showing PNCs for “tour” and its lexeme. 64 3.2 Kulldorff hot and cold spots for “tour” and its lexeme. 65 3.3 The relationship between “tourist*” PNCs and the road network. 66 3.4 PNCs for “tourist(s)” in the 1822 and 1835 editions of Wordsw orth’s Guide to the Lakes. 70 3.5 Point maps showing PNCs for (a) “tourist(s)” and (b) “traveler(s).” 73 3.6 Density- smoothed maps showing the PNCs for (a) “tourist(s)” and (b) “traveler(s).” 75 3.7 Kulldorff hot and cold spots for PNCs of “traveler(s).” 77 3.8 Density- smoothed maps showing the PNCs for “inhabit” and “inhabitant(s).” 80 3.9 Kulldorff hot and cold spots for “inhabit” and “inhabitant(s).” 81 3.10 The Lake District’s market centers and other main industrial or social centers. 82 3.11 The most significant Lake District towns as indicated by Black’s Shilling Guide of 1853. 83 3.12 PNCs for nonagricultural industries. 84 3.13 PNCs for agricultural search terms as proportional symbols. 93 3.14 Density- smoothed and Kulldorff maps showing PNCs for the agricultural search terms. 94 3.15 Beatrix Potter with sheep. 96 4.1 Time series of instances of “walk,” its synonyms, and their lexemes. 106 4.2 Density- smoothed map of PNCs of “walk” and its lexeme in the (a) long eigh teenth c entury, (b) Romantic period, and (c) Victorian period. 109 4.3 Buffer map showing relationship between PNCs for “walk” and its lexeme, with surrounding features. 113 4.4 Bar charts showing the percentage of PNCs of (a) “excursion” and (b) “walk” and their lexeme at diff er ent elevations. 114 4.5 PNCs of (a) “a walk” and (b) “the walk.” 116 4.6 PNCs of “we walk,” its synonyms, and their lexeme. 119 4.7 PNCs of “I walk,” its synonyms, and their lexeme. 121 4.8 PNCs of (a) masculine and (b) feminine pronouns. 123 4.9 Kulldorff hot and cold spots for PNCs of (a) masculine and (b) feminine pronouns. 125 4.10 Bar charts showing the percentage of PNCs of “pedestrian” and its lexeme that occur at diff er ent elevations. 127 List of Figures ix 4.11 Proportional circle maps of PNCs of (a) “ramble” and (b) “wander” and their lexeme. 129 4.12 Density- smoothed maps of PNCs of (a) “ramble” and (b) “wander” and their lexeme. 131 4.13 Time series graph for instances of “ramble” and its lexeme. 133 4.14 Edwin Waugh’s suggested journey to Swarthmoor Hall. 134 4.15 Edwin Waugh’s suggested journey to Swarthmoor Hall using fuzzy symbols. 136 4.16 Time series graph of instances of “wander” and its lexeme. 138 4.17 Proportional circle map showing the PNCs related to walking, rambling, and wandering from Harriet Martineau’s two guidebooks (1855 and 1861). 140 5.1 Frequency of “noise,” “sound,” “silence,” and their lexemes as a proportion of the total corpus word count. 145 5.2 Frequency of PNCs of “noise,” “sound,” “silence,” and their lexemes as a proportion of the total corpus word count. 145 5.3 Proportional circle maps of PNCs of (a) “noise,” (b) “sound,” and (c) “silence” (and their lexemes). 146 5.4 Proportional circle maps of PNCs of “noise” and its lexeme in the (a) eighteenth century, (b) Romantic period, and (c) Victorian period. 149 5.5 Density- smoothed maps of PNCs for a variety of water- related terms. 156 5.6 Proportional circle map of PNCs for “waterfall” and “waterfalls.” 157 5.7 Proportional circle map of PNCs that include “waterfall(s)” with “sound” and its lexeme. 158 5.8 Robert Southey, “The Cataract of Lodore.” 161 5.9 Proportional circle map of PNCs of “echo” and its lexeme. 167 5.10 Geological distribution of PNCs of “echo” and its lexeme. 168 5.11 Geological distribution of PNCs of “cannon.” 170 5.12 Geological distribution of PNCs of “cannon” in the (a) eigh teenth c entury, (b) Romantic period, and (c) Victorian period. 171 6.1 Density- smoothed map of all PNCs around Scafell. 182 6.2 The Trig point on Scafell Pike. 183 6.3 Scafell, from Ordnance Survey First Series, Sheet 98 (1865). 184 6.4 Scafell, detail from C. Smith, New Map of Great Britain and Ireland (1806). 185 6.5 Western Lakes, from William Hutchinson, The History of the County of Cumberland (Carlisle: F. Jollie, 1794). 186