Decolonizing the Map THE KENNETH NEBENZAHL, JR., LECTURES IN THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY publisheD in association with the herMon Dunlap sMith center for the history of cartography, the newberry library Series Editor, James R. Akerman ALSO IN THE SERIES Maps: A Historical Survey of Envisioning the City: Their Study and Collecting Six Studies in Urban Cartography by R. A. Skelton edited by David Buisseret Five Centuries of Map Printing Cartographic Encounters: Perspectives on Native by David Woodward American Mapmaking and Map Use edited by G. Malcolm Lewis British Maps of Colonial America by William Patterson Cumming The Commerce of Cartography: Making and Marketing Maps in Eighteenth- Mapping the American Revolutionary War Century France and England by J. B. Harley, Barbara Bartz Petchenik, by Mary Sponberg Pedley and Lawrence W. Towner Cartographies of Travel and Navigation Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays edited by James R. Akerman edited by David Woodward The Imperial Map: Cartography Monarchs, Ministers, and Maps: and the Mastery of Empire The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of edited by James R. Akerman Government in Early Modern Europe edited by David Buisseret Ancient Perspectives: Maps and Their Place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome Rural Images: Estate Maps in the edited by Richard J. A. Talbert Old and New Worlds edited by David Buisseret cartography froM colony to nation DECOLONIZING THE MAP Edited by James R. Akerman the university of chicago press chicago anD lonDon The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2017 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. Published 2017. Printed in the United States of America 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 1 2 3 4 5 isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 42278- 7 (cloth) isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 42281- 7 (e- book) Doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226422817.001.0001 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Akerman, James R., editor. Title: Decolonizing the map : cartography from colony to nation / edited by James R. Akerman. Other titles: Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr., lectures in the history of cartography. Description: Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 2017. | Series: Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr., lectures in the history of cartography | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016030112 | ISBN 9780226422787 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780226422817 (e- book) Subjects: LCSH: Cartography— Political aspects. | Decolonization. Classification: LCC GA108.7 .D44 2017 | DDC 526— dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2016030112 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48– 1992 (Permanence of Paper). CONTENTS Acknowledgments · vii INTRODUCTION JaMes r. akerMan · 1 CHAPTER ONE Cartography and Decolonization rayMonD b. craib · 11 CHAPTER TWO Entangled Spaces: Mapping Multiple Identities in Eighteenth- Century New Spain Magali carrera · 72 CHAPTER THREE Cartography in the Production (and Silencing) of Colombian Independence History, 1807– 1827 lina Del castillo · 110 CHAPTER FOUR Democratizing the Map: The Geo- body and National Cartography in Guatemala, 1821– 2010 JorDana DyM · 160 CHAPTER FIVE Uncovering the Roles of African Surveyors and Draftsmen in Mapping the Gold Coast, 1874–1957 JaMie Mcgowan · 205 v CHAPTER SIX Multiscalar Nations: Cartography and Countercartography of the Egyptian Nation- State karen culcasi · 252 CHAPTER SEVEN Art on the Line: Cartography and Creativity in a Divided World suMathi raMaswaMy · 284 CHAPTER EIGHT Signs of the Times: Commercial Road Mapping and National Identity in South Africa thoMas J. bassett · 339 Contributors · 377 Index · 379 vi · contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The eight chapters in this volume were originally presented as the Seventeenth Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr., Lectures in the History of Cartography at the New- berry Library in late 2010. Throughout the book’s gestation, the authors have exhibited exemplary forbearance and have responded to repeated editorial requests both cheerfully and constructively. The editor wishes to acknowledge in particular the unusual amount of effort the authors expended in obtaining images and permissions for the book’s complex illustration program. Several anonymous readers offered invaluable critiques and timely advice on both the substance and the structure of the volume, while giving us the confidence to move forward. The University of Chicago Press has been unwavering in their support for this project, and its staff both collegial and professional at every turn. The enduring material and moral support of the Newberry Library, the host of the Nebenzahl Lectures since 1966, is foundational. Without this extraordinary community of creative librarians, curators, teachers, and readers dedicated to free inquiry in the humanities, there would be no Nebenzahl Lec- tures. In the autumn of 2016 the Nebenzahl Lectures celebrated their fiftieth anniversary. This collection is dedicated to Ken and Jossy Nebenzahl in honor of their kind and enduring sponsorship of this series and the scholarship it has promoted. vii INTRODUCTION James R. Akerman The idea for the Seventeenth Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr., Lectures in the His- tory of Cartography (2010), “Mapping the Transition from Colony to Nation,” the basis for this book, emerged from the Fifteenth Nebenzahl Lectures, “The Imperial Map” (2004), published under the same name by the University of Chicago Press in 2009. The Imperial Map’s broad, if episodic, examination of how modern imperial powers used mapping to conquer and manage their colo- nies and to promote and affirm their imperial identities, as well as— somewhat antithetically— its contemplation of the limits of imperial mapping suggested an obvious counterpoint and successor. This volume publishes the result. At the simplest (and titular) level it considers the roles mapping has played in the passage from colony to nation— or, if you will, from dependent to indepen- dent state. The seven chapters all concern the engagement of mapping in the long and clearly unfinished process of decolonization and the parallel process of nation building from the late eighteenth century to the mid- twentieth cen- tury. A few scholars have addressed this issue. However, the subject has not been examined systematically or comprehensively. The first chapter, by Ray Craib, offers a wide-r anging introduction to the subject, identifying salient 1