Debating Migration as a Public Problem Simon Cottle General Editor Vol. 24 The Global Crises and the Media series is part of the Peter Lang Media and Communication list. Every volume is peer reviewed and meets the highest quality standards for content and production. PETER LANG New York  Bern  Berlin Brussels  Vienna  Oxford  Warsaw Debating Migration as a Public Problem National Publics and Transnational Fields Camelia Beciu, M lina Ciocea, Irina Diana M droane, and Alexandru I. Cârlan, ă Editors ă PETER LANG New York  Bern  Berlin Brussels  Vienna  Oxford  Warsaw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Beciu, Camelia, editor. Title: Debating migration as a public problem: national publics and transnational fields / edited by Camelia Beciu [and three others]. Description: New York: Peter Lang, 2018. Series: Global crises and the media; v. 24 | ISSN 1947-2587 Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018002350 | ISBN 978-1-4331-5534-5 (hardback: alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4331-5548-2 (paperback: alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4331-5554-3 (ebook pdf) ISBN 978-1-4331-5555-0 (epub) | ISBN 978-1-4331-5556-7 (mobi) Subjects: LCSH: Foreign workers—Government policy—European Union countries. | Foreign workers—Government policy—Romania—Case studies. | European Union countries—Emigration and immigration—Government policy. | Romania—Emigration and immigration—Government policy—Case studies. Classification: LCC HD8378.5.A2 D395 2018 | DDC 331.6/2094—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018002350 DOI 10.3726/b14216 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the “Deutsche Nationalbibliografie”; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de/. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council of Library Resources. © 2018 Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York 29 Broadway, 18th floor, New York, NY 10006 www.peterlang.com All rights reserved. Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm, xerography, microfiche, microcard, and offset strictly prohibited. Printed in the United States of America table of contents Acknowledgments vii I ntroduction: Intra-EU Labor Migration and Transnationalism in Media Discourses: A Public Problem Approach 1 Camelia Beciu, Mălina Ciocea, Irina Diana Mădroane, and Alexandru I. Cârlan Part 1. I ntra-EU Labor Migration in the Media of the Sending Country: Between Instrumentalization and Empowerment Chapter 1. M igration and Country Status: The Rearticulation of Identities Through Media Counter-Discourses 41 Camelia Beciu and Mirela Lazăr Chapter 2. Debating Migration: Diasporic Stances in Media Discourse 63 Mălina Ciocea and Alexandru I. Cârlan vi table of contents Chapter 3. T he Impact of Migration on the Construction of Romania’s Country Image: Two Intersecting Public Problems 83 Alina Dolea Part 2. I ntra-EU Labor Migration and Deliberative Practices in the Public Sphere Chapter 4. M edia Deliberation on Intra-EU Migration: A Qualitative Approach to Framing Based on Rhetorical Analysis 115 Alexandru I. Cârlan and Mălina Ciocea Chapter 5. R omanian Immigration in the British Newspapers: Engaging Audiences During the Brexit Referendum Campaign 139 Irina Diana Mădroane Part 3. I dentity Negotiation in the Transnational Field: Agency and Discourse Chapter 6. M igrant Identities and Practices in Media Advocacy Campaigns: The Construction of Claims and Audiences 175 Irina Diana Mădroane Chapter 7. M edia Hospitality to Diasporactivism and Diasporapathy in the News Community 199 Nicolae Perpelea Chapter 8. “ Here” and “There”: Identity-Building Strategies in Debates with Non-Migrants 233 Camelia Beciu F inal Remarks: Media, Migration, and Transnational Practices 253 C amelia Beciu, Mălina Ciocea, Irina Diana Mădroane, and Alexandru I. Cârlan About the Contributors 259 Index 261 acknowledgments The studies in this volume are the result of several years of intense research on the topics of intra-EU migration, media and public discourse, and of collab- oration with specialists in Romania and abroad, for which we are immensely grateful. Our ideas have taken shape and grown in the course of two projects, funded by the Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI): The phenomenon of workforce migration and the formation of the diasporic public: impact on the public space and institutional practices (2008-2009) and Diaspora in the Romanian political-media sphere. From event to the media construction of public problems (2012-2016). We have had the privilege to exchange views with national and international experts, with colleagues, many of whom are also good friends, and with (now former) PhD students. The exploratory workshop we organized in 2013, Dias- poric Identities and Transnational Experiences: From Social Actors to Public Dis- courses, brought some of them together: Alex Balch, Ekaterina Balabanova, Elena Negrea Busuioc, Irina Culic, Alina Dolea, Nadia Kaneva, Mirela Lazăr, Luciana Răduț-Gaghi, Nicolas Pélissier, John E. Richardson, and Ruth Wodak. We thank them for an inspiring academic event that has furthered the scope of our research and for the collaborations that followed, includ- ing a special issue, “Discourse in Transnational Social Fields,” in the Critical viii debating migration as a public problem Discourse Studies Journal. We are deeply grateful to Dana Diminescu, Isabela Fairclough, and Norman Fairclough, for insightful feedback and continued support. We would also like to give special thanks to our contributors, Alina Dolea, Mirela Lazăr, and Nicolae Perpelea. We thank the journals that have given us permission to republish, in a revised form, four of the studies included in the volume: the Romanian Journal of Sociology and the Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations. We have also benefitted from the support of the institutes of higher educa- tion where we are affiliated: The National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, University of Bucharest, West University of Timișo- ara, and the Institute of Sociology of the Romanian Academy. We thank our families for all their patience over the past few months, when most of our time has been taken up by work on this volume, and for their confidence. Funding This work was financed by a grant of the Romanian National Author- ity for Scientific Research, CNCS–UEFISCDI [project number PN-II-ID- PCE-2011-3-0968] Diaspora in the Romanian Media and Political Sphere. From Event to the Social Construction of Public Problems. introduction Intra-EU Labor Migration and Transnationalism in Media Discourses: A Public Problem Approach Camelia Beciu, Mălina Ciocea, Irina Diana Mădroane, and Alexandru I. Cârlan The President1 expressed well and succinctly the desire of the majority of the pop- ulation when he urged those dissatisfied with the conditions in the country2 to abandon Romania and go to other countries, which could offer them what they wanted. He first wished “safe journey” and “fair wind” to doctors. He then implied that teachers should feel free to follow them, if they were unable to find a second “job” in Romania.3 (“Traian Băsescu, Criticized by the British Press: He Supports the Migration of His Own Citizens”)4 In 2010, in a controversial statement on what was perceived as a problem in Romanian society—rising high-skilled emigration—Traian Băsescu, Roma- nia’s president at the time, asserted that the decision to work abroad, in other European Union member states, made by the youth (and specialists in var- ious fields, in general), was absolutely legitimate, given that the country of origin could not offer them the opportunities they might have in the host countries.5 The president underlined that the absence of economic policies that would encourage professionals to build a career in the country of origin should be acknowledged and assumed by the entire political class. However, in Romania, the president’s statement generated fierce criticism from politi- cians, NGOs, and opinion leaders, who interpreted it as legitimizing economic migration, an unacceptable stance for a decision-maker. At the same time, the press mediatized negative reactions from migration actors and presented in