Electrical Engineering K u l a r a t As we increasingly use electronic devices to direct our daily lives, so grows n a our dependence on reliable energy sources to power them. Because modern electronic systems demand steady, efficient, reliable DC voltage sources—often at a sub-1V level—commercial AC lines, batteries, and other common resources DC Power Supplies no longer suffice. New technologies also require intricate techniques to protect against natural and manmade disasters. Still, despite its importance, practical PD information on this critical subject remains hard to find. rC o tP Power Management e Using simple, accessible language to balance coverage of theoretical and o c w practical aspects, DC Power Supplies: Power Management and Surge t i oe Protection for Power Electronic Systems details the essentials of power nr Surge Protection and electronics circuits applicable to low-power systems, including modern portable fS devices. A summary of underlying principles and essential design points, it o ru compares academic research and industry publications and reviews DC power p P Power supply fundamentals, including linear and low-dropout regulators. Content op for l also addresses common switching regulator topologies, exploring resonant wi e conversion approaches. es r Electronic Systems P E Coverage includes other important topics such as: lo ew c • Control aspects and control theory te rr • Digital control and control ICs used in switching regulators o M • Power management and energy efficiency n ia • Overall power conversion stage and basic protection strategies for c n higher reliability Sa yg • Battery management and comparison of battery chemistries and se charge/discharge management tm e • Surge and transient protection of circuits designed with modern me n semiconductors based on submicron dimension transistors st a This specialized design resource explores applicable fundamental elements of n d power sources, with numerous cited references and discussion of commercial S components and manufacturers. Regardless of their previous experience level, u this information will greatly aid designers, researchers, and academics who r Nihal Kularatna g study, design, and produce the viable new power sources needed to propel e our modern electronic world. K10499 ISBN: 978-0-4158-0247-5 90000 9 780415 802475 DC Power Supplies Power Management Surge Protection and Power for Electronic Systems K10499.indb 1 16/11/11 7:36 PM TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk DC Power Supplies Power Management Surge Protection and Power for Electronic Systems Nihal Kularatna Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business K10499.indb 3 16/11/11 7:36 PM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 2011916 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-80248-2 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is dedicated to Sir Arthur C Clarke (the scientist who predicted satellite communication in the year 1945) and Prof John Robinson Pierce (who named the transistor) … they inspired me … With loving thanks to my wife Priyani and daughters Dulsha and Malsha and their families, who tolerate my addiction to tech writing and electronics. K10499.indb 5 16/11/11 7:36 PM TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Contents Preface..........................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................xiii About.the.Author.......................................................................................................................xv Contributors.............................................................................................................................xvii . 1. Review.of.Fundamentals.Related.to.DC.Power.Supply. Design.and.Linear.Regulators 1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................1-1 1.2. Simple.Unregulated.DC.Power.Supply.and.Estimating.the.Essential. Component.Values.............................................................................................1-2 1.3. Linear.Regulators................................................................................................1-3 1.4. Low-Dropout.Regulators.................................................................................1-18 . 2. Switching.Power.Supply.Topologies.and.Design.Fundamentals 2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................2-1 2.2. Why.Switch.Modes:.An.Overall.Approach....................................................2-2 2.3. Basic.Switch-Mode.Power.Supply.Topologies................................................2-3 2.4. Applications.and.Industry-Favorite.Configurations..................................2-33 2.5. A.Few.Design.Examples.and.Guidelines......................................................2-39 . 3. Power.Semiconductors 3.1. Introduction........................................................................................................3-1 3.2. Power.Diodes.and.Thyristors............................................................................3-2 3.3. Gate.Turn-Off.Thyristors................................................................................3-18 3.4. Bipolar.Power.Transistors...............................................................................3-20 3.5. Power.MOSFETs...............................................................................................3-28 3.6. Insulated.Gate.Bipolar.Transistor.(IGBT)...................................................3-45 3.7. MOS-Controlled.Thyristor.(MCT)................................................................3-50 . 4. Resonant.Converters.and.Wireless.Power.Supplies 4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................4-1 4.2. Fundamentals.of.Resonant.Converters...........................................................4-1 4.3. Resonant.DC-DC.Converters...........................................................................4-5 4.4. Load.Resonant.Converters.for.Contactless.Power.Supplies......................4-11 vii K10499.indb 7 16/11/11 7:36 PM viii Contents . 5. Control.Loop.Design.of.DC-to-DC.Converters 5.1. Introduction........................................................................................................5-1 5.2. Feedback.Control.and.Frequency.Response...................................................5-1 5.3. Poles,.Zeros,.and.S-Domain..............................................................................5-2 5.4. Stability.Using.Bode.Plots.................................................................................5-3 5.5. Linear.Regulators’.Feedback.and.Loop.Stability...........................................5-4 5.6. Stability...............................................................................................................5-11 5.7. Feedback.Loop.and.Stability.of.Switch-Mode.Power.Supplies..................5-19 5.8. Digital.Control..................................................................................................5-27 5.9. Control.Modes.of.Switch-Mode.Converters................................................5-33 . 6. Power.Management 6.1. Introduction........................................................................................................6-1 6.2. Design.Approaches.and.Specifications...........................................................6-1 6.3. Specifying.DC.Power.Supply.Requirements................................................6-13 6.4. Loading.Considerations..................................................................................6-18 6.5. Powering.High-Power.Processors.and.ASICs..............................................6-20 . 7. Off-the-Line.Switching.Power.Supplies 7.1. Introduction........................................................................................................7-1 7.2. Building.Blocks.of.a.Typical.Off-the-Line.Switching.Power.Supply..........7-1 7.3. Rectifier.Section..................................................................................................7-2 7.4. Popular.Transformer-Isolated.Configurations.for.Off-the-Line. Power.Supplies.and.Industry.Approaches......................................................7-7 7.5. Magnetic.Components.....................................................................................7-11 7.6. Output.Blocks....................................................................................................7-18 7.7. Efficiency.Improvements.and.Synchronous.Rectification.........................7-21 7.8. EMI.Reduction..................................................................................................7-25 7.9. Power.Supply.Protection.................................................................................7-28 7.10. Age-Related.Aspects.........................................................................................7-35 7.11. Testing.of.Power.Supplies................................................................................7-36 . 8. Rechargeable.Batteries.and.Their.Management 8.1. Introduction........................................................................................................8-1 8.2. Battery.Terminology..........................................................................................8-2 8.3. Battery.Technologies:.An.Overview................................................................8-5 8.4. Lead-Acid.Batteries............................................................................................8-8 8.5. Nickel.Cadmium.(NiCd).Batteries................................................................8-13 8.6. Nickel.Metal.Hydride.Batteries......................................................................8-16 8.7. Lithium-Based.Rechargeable.Batteries.........................................................8-18 8.8. Reusable.Alkaline.Batteries............................................................................8-22 8.9. Zn-Air.Batteries................................................................................................8-24 8.10. Battery.Management........................................................................................8-25 8.11. Battery.Communication.and.Related.Standards.........................................8-47 8.12. Battery.Safety...................................................................................................8-49 8.13. Future.................................................................................................................8-51 K10499.indb 8 16/11/11 7:36 PM Contents ix . 9. Protection.of.Systems.from.Surges.and.Transients 9.1. Introduction........................................................................................................9-1 9.2. Types.of.Disturbances.and.Power.Quality.Issues..........................................9-2 9.3. Principles.of.Surge.Protection.Techniques.....................................................9-9 9.4. Surge.Protection.Standards.and.Practices....................................................9-16 9.5. Practical.Design.Considerations....................................................................9-26 Appendix A......................................................................................AppendixA-1 Appendix B......................................................................................AppendixB-1 Index............................................................................................Index-1 K10499.indb 9 16/11/11 7:36 PM