DAYLIGHTING DESIGN Planning Strategies and Best Practice Solutions To Elyes Adam and Yanis Emile To my mother and my late father MOHAMED BOUBEKRI DAYLIGHTING DESIGN Planning Strategies and Best Practice Solutions With an Introduction by Christian Bartenbach and Mohamed Boubekri BIRKHÄUSER BASEL Layout, cover design and typesetting: Reinhard Steger Deborah van Mourik Proxi, Barcelona Library of Congress Catalog- ing-in-Publication data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information pub- lished by the German National Library The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in databases. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. This publication is also available as an e-book (ISBN PDF 978-3-03821-478-6; ISBN EPUB 978-3-03821-688-9). © 2014 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel P.O. Box 44, 4009 Basel, Switzerland Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH Berlin/Boston Printed on acid-free paper pro- duced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF ∞ Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-7643-7728-1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.birkhauser.com About the Author Dr. Mohamed Boubekri is a professor of architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is a William Wayne Caudill Research Fellow, and twice a Fulbright Fellow. He received his first professional degree in architecture from the Université des Sciences et Technologie d’Oran, Algeria; a second professional master’s degree from the Uni- versity of Colorado-Denver, and a PhD from Texas A&M University. His teaching has encompassed such areas as architectural design, building illumination, architectural acoustics, building economics, daylighting design, energy and building performance assessments. He has taught in several institutions around the world including Canada, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, and the United States. Professor Boubekri’s research focuses on sustainable architecture and the intersection of the built envi- ronment and human health and well-being. He has published more than 70 journal articles and conferences papers. His first book, published in 2008, explores the impact of daylighting of buildings on people’s health and overall well-being. More generally, his work also examines the rela- tionship between architectural design, sustainable technologies, and building energy/environmental performance. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Research Board of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), the College of Fine and Applied Arts for their financial support without which this project would not have been possible. I would like to acknowledge the many individuals and organizations, who are too many to name here, who have very generously provided me with illustrations and information vital for this project. I am especially appre- ciative of the contribution of Bartenbach GmbH from Innsbruck, Austria, especially Wilfried Pohl, for his support and contributions without which this book could not have been realized in the manner that it did. I am honored and grateful to have Professor Christian Bartenbach co-write the introduction chapter of this book. I would like to thank my graduate research assistant, Thulasi Ram Khamma for helping me with many illustrations. I would like to thank Henriette Mueller-Stahl from Birkhäuser for being the best editor any author would dream to have. I am especially indebted to my friend and colleague, Gaines B. Hall, for his advice, patience, friendship, and for editing twice this entire manuscript. I am very grateful to all my family for their unremitting support. I am forever beholden to my mother and late father for their limitless sacrifice. Last but not least, I am very thankful beyond words to my two angels, Adam Elyes and Emile Yanis, for their unconditional love and for truly making me a very happy dad. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 4 CHAPTER 1 DAYLIGHTING METRICS INTRODUCTION 44 8 by Christian Bartenbach and Mohamed Boubekri 44 Static Daylight Modeling Metrics: 8 Historical Perspective The Daylight Factor Method 10 Today’s Perspective 45 Dynamic Daylight Modeling Metrics 11 Light as a Medium 47 Behavioral Metrics of Daylighting 12 Lighting Design – A Contemplation 51 Visual Comfort and Glare 12 Light and Human Perception from Windows CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 5 ECONOMICS OF DAYLIGHTING 14 54 DAYLIGHTING PERFORMANCE OF 14 Daylighting and SIDE-WALL WINDOWS Energy Costs 59 Effect of Opposite Building 24 Economic Benefits of Daylighting 59 Effect of Exterior Surface Reflectance Beyond Energy Savings of Opposite Building 60 Effect of Distance between Buildings 60 Effect of Building Form CHAPTER 3 DAYLIGHTING AND 28 HEALTH CHAPTER 6 28 Daylighting, Vitamin D, and Health 62 STRATEGIES AND 31 Daylight and Seasonal Affective SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE Disorder 62 Sidelighting Systems 35 Daylight and Sleep Quality 63 Lightshelf 36 Restorative Powers of Daylight 65 Prismatic Panels and Views 68 Laser Cut Panels 70 Anidolic Systems 71 Louver Systems 76 Toplighting Systems 77 Skylights 79 Atrium 85 Lightpipes CHAPTER 7 Changi Airport 136 CASE STUDIES 96 Terminal 3 Singapore ST Diamond Building 98 Putrajaya (near Kuala Lumpur), Extension of the High Malaysia 140 Museum of Art Research Support Facility Atlanta, Georgia, USA 104 at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 146 Extension of the Golden, Colorado, USA Art Institute of Chicago Augsburg 108 Chicago, Illinois, USA City Library Augsburg, Germany Sino-Italian 152 Ecological and Energy TNT Centre 114 Efficient Building Hoofddorp, the Netherlands Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Asian Development 118 Bank Headquarters 158 Cathedral of Manila, Philippines Christ the Light Oakland, California, USA Adidas Laces 124 Herzogenaurach, Germany Schlaues Haus 164 Oldenburg, Germany Lewis Integrative 130 Science Building University of Oregon, Eugene, 170 Bibliography Oregon, USA 174 Index CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BY CHRISTIAN BARTENBACH AND MOHAMED BOUBEKRI Historical solar access in their town planning as was apparent in the model communities of Olynthus and Priene. The Romans Perspective pioneered the idea of solar zoning legislation that allowed citizens access to the sun in their dwellings. In the second But the architects who are designing rooms today have century, a legal precedent for solar rights was established lost faith in natural light. By becoming dependent on and later was included in the Roman Justinian Code of the light switch they are content with static light and forget Law. The writings of Vitruvius, the eminent Roman archi- about the endlessly changing character of natural light tect in the first century B.C., influenced architects for which transforms a room each second of the day. centuries to come, including Palladio from the Renais- sance period up to the modern age. In his Ten Books of Louis Kahn, (Stille und Licht, i.e. “silence and light“), lecture at School of Architecture of the Eidgenössische Technische Architecture, in Book 1, Chapter 2, “The Five Fundamental Hochschule, Zurich, February 12, 1969). Principles of Architecture”, Vitruvius wrote: The history of daylighting is the history of architec- There will also be natural propriety in using an eastern ture. Sunlight has warmed human habitat since the begin- light for bedrooms and libraries, a western light in winter ning and has remained a primary factor in the design of for baths and winter apartments, and a northern light habitations. Incorporating sunlight into structures was for picture galleries and other places in which a steady light a fundamental design element in the buildings of many is needed; for that quarter of the sky grows neither light civilizations. Long ago, when buildings were illuminated nor dark with the course of the sun, but remains steady and by torches and fireplaces, building concepts were for- unshifting all day long.1 mulated with daylight in mind. The natural incidence of Vitruvius, 2002 light and the transparency of a structure for natural light were essential elements in these concepts. Architecture The history of daylighting is closely related to the of ancient civilizations such as those of the Persians, the history of technological developments of human civiliza- Arabs, the Greeks, and the Romans featured dwellings tion. While the Romanesque churches were dark and grim modeled around a courtyard that welcomed natural light, inside because of the massive load-bearing masonry walls tempered the harsh climate outside, and became the and the short spans above their fenestration, the advent hub of the house. The Greeks believed in democratizing of the flying buttresses as structural features during the 8 gothic era relieved the requirement to support the entire 1.1 structural load with the walls and allowed gothic struc- tures to admit much more daylight than their romanesque counterparts. Later, in 1781, James Watt patented the first steam engine in human history. The creation of the steam engine was a catalyst to the industrial revolution that changed so many aspects of human life. In the mid-18th century, the world experienced massive migrations of people look- ing for work in manufacturing from rural areas to urban centers, particularly in Western Europe. This phenom- enon of affordable, fast mass transportation produced enormous economic, social, and architectural changes. Skyrocketing demands for housing due to the rapid and large influx of populations led to overcrowded and unsanitary ghettos in many cities in Great Britain, West- 1.1 – La Ville Radieuse concept of Le Corbusier ern Europe, and North America. Migrant workers found shelter in densely populated buildings, built back-to-back along narrow streets with poor sanitary conditions, and Citing Louis Kahn: “As soon as I see a plan which tries with open sewers and little or no exposure to daylight. to sell me spaces without light, I simply reject it with such Architects produced cheap and expedient solutions for an ease, as though it were not even thoughtfully rejected, an emerging housing shortage but with little thought because I know it is wrong. And so, false prophets, like to the undesirable and unhealthy living conditions into schools that have no natural light, are definitely un-ar- which the people were being placed. chitectural. Those are what I like to call – belong to the marketplace of architecture but not to architecture itself.” Awareness of the importance of light in people’s (Latour, 1991). lives grew when Dr. Niels Finson received the Nobel Prize in 1903 for proving that sunlight could cure tuber- While this nascent and refreshing way of thinking culosis (Holick, 2004). The early part of the 20th century about architecture was taking hold in the early part of witnessed the beginning of new Modern Architecture the 20th century in Europe and North America, other tech- movement that embraced modernity and rejected the nological developments were occurring simultaneously. old ways of designing buildings. Until then, buildings The development of fluorescent lighting technology in had been pastiches of past styles. They were dark and the 1920s meant that buildings could be illuminated rel- unhealthy with massive masonry structures and small atively cheaply compared to the electric lighting technol- windows. Technological advances spurred new ways of ogy that previously existed. The successful commercial- thinking about building design. Buildings could now be ization of the fluorescent lighting technology in the 1930s constructed with long spans and large openings. This constituted a significant setback for the cause of daylight- new architecture emphasized straight lines and simple, ing. Fluorescent lighting allowed buildings to have large economic forms, and incorporated large expanses of floor plates and be lit fairly cheaply without relying on windows that maximized natural light and fresh air. Human windows and natural light. This new lighting technology scale, along with principles of proportion and ergonom- was a major improvement in terms of energy efficiency ics, became key principles in building design. This new compared to incandescent lighting which became the architecture was concerned with economy, hygiene, primary artificial light source with Thomas Edison’s first health, and the natural environment. La Ville Radieuse incandescent lamp in 1876. With increased pressure from and L’esprit Nouveau of Le Corbusier were quintessential utility companies to increase the consumption of electric- paradigms of this new and modern way of thinking about ity, architects were urged to rely increasingly on fluores- designing new buildings and new cities that emphasized cent light for building illumination. Economies of struc- green spaces and access to sunlight for the benefit of ture encouraged the lowering of ceilings, thereby reduc- the inhabitants. Many master architects have used day- ing the volume of the building to be heated or cooled light as a primary design element in their architecture. but also reducing the penetration of daylight. Because “Architecture is the masterly, correct, and magnificent of the practicality of fluorescent lighting, many building play of masses brought together under the light,” said professionals even argued that daylight was a luxury Le Corbusier (Le Corbusier, 2007). that could be disregarded altogether since fluorescent 9 1.2 1.3 Noon 12:00 High alertness 10:00 Best coordination Highest testosterone secretion 14:30 09:00 Fastest reaction time Bowel movement likely 08:30 15:30 MShealartpoensitn r siseecretion 0st7o:3p0s Lciygchlet Dark Ganrdea mteusstc clea rsdtiroevnagstchular efficiency in blood pressure 06:45 17:00 06:00 18:00 18:30 Highest blood pressure 19:00 Highest body temperature Lowest body temperature 04:30 1.4 21:00 Melatonin secretion starts Deepest 0sl2e:e0p0 00:00 2B2o:w3e0l movements suppressed Midnight 1.2 – Glass light-channeling devices from 1890 to 1930 1.3 – Typical human “circadian biological clock” with some physiological parameters. 1.4 – Primary light – secondary light – perception lighting could supply ample light adequately and econom- ening occurred that recognized the amount of energy ically. The innovation in prism glass 1.2, used from 1890 we consume in buildings. This energy crisis powerfully to 1930 in a number of buildings in North America and illustrated the blend of environmentalism with concerns Europe, was an attempt to restore some of what was lost over resource scarcity. The quality of our lives and human in terms of daylighting potential of these new buildings comfort was no longer inseparable from our energy with low ceilings. The technology of prism glass allowed resources. The solar architecture initiative of the late daylight to be redirected from the window wall location 1970s and early 1980s, arguably the basis of today’s green to the back area of the room allowing rooms to be deeper architectural practices, was a direct consequence of the and with higher daylight levels in the back. According to 1973 oil embargo. recommendations and architectural practices of those times, it was no longer necessary to have a courtyard for core daylighting. Now it was possible to eliminate inner Today’s courtyards and increase the rentable space. Application handbooks on the subject of prismatic Perspective glazing were published, and Frank Lloyd Wright provided the industry with expert advice and numerous applica- Recent efforts worldwide to decrease the energy con- tions by way of his designed projects. sumption in buildings (e.g., net- zero energy buildings targets in the European Union, or the 2030 Challenge, The 1973 energy crisis was a watershed moment for or Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) many aspects of our lives including architectural research in the United States) brought daylighting and energy and practice. Ever since that crisis, a worldwide awak- conservation back into focus. The recent concerns about INTRODUCTION