Data Analysis Using SQL and Excel® Data Analysis Using SQL and Excel® Second Edition Gordon S. Linoff Data Analysis Using SQL and Excel®, Second Edition Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-1-119-02143-8 ISBN: 978-1-119-02145-2 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-119-02144-5 (ebk) Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as per- mitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. 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If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950486 Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. Excel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respec- tive owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. To Giuseppe—for twenty five years, five books, and counting . . . About the Author  Gordon S. Linoff has been working with databases, big data, and data mining for almost longer than he can remember. With decades of experience on the practice of using data effectively, he is a recognized expert in the field of data mining. Gordon started using spreadsheets while a student at MIT, on the original Compaq Portable, the world’s first luggable computer. Not very many years later, he managed a development group at the now‐defunct Thinking Machines Corporation, tasked with building a massively parallel relational database for decision support. After Thinking Machines’ demise, he founded Data Miners in 1998 with his friend and former colleague Michael J. A. Berry (who left in 2012). Since then, he has worked on a wide diversity of projects across many different companies. He has taught hundreds of classes around the world on data mining and survival analysis through SAS Institute, a leader in statistical and business analytics software. He is also an avid contributor to Stack Overflow, particularly on ques- tions related to databases, having the highest score in 2014. Together with Michael Berry, Gordon has written several influential books on data mining, including Data Mining Techniques for Marketing, Sales, and Customer Support, the first book on data mining to achieve a third edition. Gordon lives in New York with Giuseppe Scalia, his partner of 25 years. vii