Daring Leadership A study of water governance on the edge of innovation and democracy Peter Scholten Peter BW.indd 1 06-Oct-11 10:20:25 AM Printed on FSC paper ISBN: 978-94-6169-151-4 Cover design: Raymon van Vught Layout and printing: Optima Grafische Communicatie, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Peter BW.indd 2 06-Oct-11 10:20:26 AM Daring Leadership A study of water governance on the edge of innovation and democracy Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en informatica Proefschrift Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 29 november om 15.30 uur precies door Petrus Henricus Theodorus Scholten Geboren op 13 december 1977 te Arnhem Peter BW.indd 3 06-Oct-11 10:20:26 AM Promotores: Prof. dr. ir. W.T. de Groot Prof. dr. ing. G. R. Teisman (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam) Copromotor: Dr. S.V. Meijerink Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. ir. C.J.A.M. Termeer (Wageningen Universiteit) Prof. dr. P.P.J. Driessen (Universiteit Utrecht) Prof. dr. H.A.E. Zwart Peter BW.indd 4 06-Oct-11 10:20:26 AM There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things.1 Niccolo Machiavelli 1. From: Machiavelli, N. (1908) The Prince. Translation W.K. Marriott. London: Morgan Inc. Peter BW.indd 5 06-Oct-11 10:20:26 AM Peter BW.indd 6 06-Oct-11 10:20:26 AM Contents 1. Introduction 9 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Objectives and research questions 13 1.3 Theories of change and policy-making 15 1.4 Research strategy 17 1.5 Thesis outline 24 2. Daring decisions and representative municipal democracy: an 31 exploration within the new river management in the Netherlands 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 River management and the WaalWeelde project 35 2.3 relating daring decision-making to current concepts of democracy 37 2.4 Methods 38 2.5 Conceptualizing daring decision-making 40 2.6 Relating the grounded model to existing theory 45 2.7 Discussion 48 3. Leadership in policy innovation: a conceptual map 55 3.1 Daring decision-making, an introduction to leadership in policy 58 innovation 3.2 An overview of theories 59 3.3 A theoretical landscape 64 3.4 Findings of a grounded exploration 65 3.5 Incorporating the empirical results in the theoretical landscape 69 7 Peter BW.indd 7 06-Oct-11 10:20:26 AM 8 Contents 3.6 Transactional and transformational leadership: a conceptual map 70 3.7 Conclusion 71 4. Daring leadership: balancing between Transactional and 75 Transformational leadership 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Leadership theory and conceptualization 80 4.3 Leadership in WaalWeelde: a case study of water system governance 87 4.4 Case analysis 97 4.5 Conclusion and discussion 100 5. Drivers for daring leadership: understanding public leadership in 107 Dutch water governance 5.1 Introduction 110 5.2 Transactional, transformational and daring leadership in the TDT- 111 typology 5.3 Drivers and influences on leadership 116 5.4 Methods 119 5.5 The VZ case 120 5.6 The role of individual public leadership in the Volkerak Zoommeer 123 project 5.7 Discussion 142 6. Synthesis 151 6.1 Developing the leadership concept 154 6.2 Drivers of leadership 163 6.3 Reflections and implications 164 6.4 Conclusions: answering the research questions 168 6.5 Concluding remarks 174 Summary 179 Samenvatting 187 Acknowledgements 195 About the author 197 Peter BW.indd 8 06-Oct-11 10:20:26 AM 1 Introduction Peter BW.indd 9 06-Oct-11 10:20:26 AM