DAMPROTECTIONSAGAINSTOVERTOPPINGANDACCIDENTALLEAKAGE PROCEEDINGSOFTHE1STINTERNATIONALSEMINARONDAMPROTECTIONS AGAINSTOVERTOPPINGANDACCIDENTALLEAKAGE,MADRID,SPAIN,24–26 NOVEMBER2014 Dam Protections against Overtopping and Accidental Leakage Editors Miguel ÁngelToledo & Rafael Morán DepartmentofCivilEngineering:Hydraulics,EnergyandEnvironment E.T.S.deIngenierosdeCaminos,TechnicalUniversityofMadrid,Madrid,Spain Eugenio Oñate InternationalCenterforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Barcelona,Spain CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2015Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontainedhereinmaybe reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenprior permissionfromthepublishers. Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublicationandthe informationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnortheauthorforany damagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperationoruseofthispublication and/ortheinformationcontainedherein. Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands e-mail:[email protected] www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN:978-1-138-02808-1(Hardback) ISBN:978-1-315-68535-9(eBookPDF) DamProtectionsagainstOvertoppingandAccidentalLeakage–Toledo,Morán&Oñate(Eds) ©2015Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,ISBN:978-1-138-02808-1 Table of contents Preface IX Acknowledgements XI ScientificandOrganizingCommittees XIII Organizinginstitutions XV Supportinginstitutions XVII Sponsoringcompany XIX Keynotelectures Technicalmanual:Overtoppingprotectionfordams 3 T.E.Hepler Reviewofembankmentdamprotectionsandadesignmethodologyfor downstreamrockfilltoes 25 R.Morán Floodovertoppingprotectionforconcretedams 41 W.R.Fiedler Failureofembankmentdamsduetoovertoppingoraccidentalleakage Damfailuresofembankmentdamscausedbyovertoppingoraccidentalleakage– Newaspectsforbreachwideninganddeepeningprocesses 59 A.Vogel,J.-R.Courivaud&K.Jarecka Failureofdamsduetoovertopping–Ahistoricalprospective 73 M.J.Harris OvertoppingandinternalerosiononsmalldamsinBurkinaFaso 83 A.Nombré,E.A.Somda,M.Kabore&F.Millogo Failureofthedownstreamshoulderofrockfilldamsinovertoppingoraccidental leakagescenario 89 M.Á.Toledo,H.Campos,Á.Lara&R.Cobo Structuralfailureoftheclaycoreortheupstreamfaceofrockfilldamsin overtoppingscenario 101 M.Á.Toledo,R.M.Alves&R.Morán Simulationofthebeginningoffailureinrockfilldamscausedbyovertopping 111 A.Larese,R.Rossi&E.Oñate V CFDstudyofthetimedependentflowpatternaroundtheslopeofrockfill damsinovertoppingscenario 123 J.SanMauro,M.Á.Toledo&R.Morán Softprotectionsforembankmentdams Designofovertopping-resistantrockfilldams 133 M.Á.Toledo&L.Morera Isoresistantdoubleslopefortheoptimizationofovertopping-resistant rockfilldams 143 M.Á.Toledo&L.Morera Practicalchallengesandexperiencefromlarge-scaleovertoppingtestswith placedriprap 151 P.H.Hiller&L.Lia Hardprotectionsforembankmentdams Continuously-reinforcedconcreteslabspillwaysbuiltoverembankmentdamsinSpain: MolinodelaHozandLlodioDams 161 R.M.Alves&R.Morán Comprehensiveliteraturereviewondamovertoppingincidents 169 N.Tavakoli BarrigaDamspillway:acasestudyofwedge-shapedblockstechnology 181 R.Morán&M.Á.Toledo Physicalandnumericalmodelingforunderstandingthehydraulicbehaviour ofWedge-Shaped-Blocksspillways 193 F.J.Caballero,F.Salazar,J.SanMauro&M.Á.Toledo Masonrydamsfailureduetoovertoppinganditsprotections Failuresofmasonryorconcretedamsbyovertopping 207 A.Vogel,F.Laugier&E.Bourdarot Laboratorymeasurementsandnumericalsimulationsofovertopping nappeimpingementjets 219 J.M.Carrillo&L.G.Castillo Characterizationofthedynamicactionsandscourestimationdownstreamofadam 231 L.G.Castillo&J.M.Carrillo Highly-convergingchutesasanovertoppingprotectionforconcretedams: physicalandnumericalmodelling 245 L.Morera,J.SanMauro,F.Salazar&M.Á.Toledo Miscellaneous Probabilisticmethodsforhydrologicdamsafetyanalysis 261 I.Flores,A.Sordo-Ward&L.Garrote VI Two-dimensionaldirectrainfallhydraulicmodelsappliedtodirectcalculation ofhydrologiceventsindamstopreventovertopping 275 P.Batanero,I.Martínez&E.Martínez CFDanalysisofflowpatterninlabyrinthweirs 287 F.Salazar,J.SanMauro,E.Oñate&M.Á.Toledo Analysisofthedesignofenergy-dissipatingstructureinspillways 295 I.Robles,A.Palacio&A.Rodríguez Authorindex 305 VII DamProtectionsagainstOvertoppingandAccidentalLeakage–Toledo,Morán&Oñate(Eds) ©2015Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,ISBN:978-1-138-02808-1 Preface During the last decades, and especially in the recent years, the technology of dam protection againstovertoppingandaccidentalleakage,mainlyduetointernalerosion,hasundergonemajor advancement.Althoughtheyaredifferenttechnicalproblems,frequentlytheavailabletechnology forthesolutionisthesame,sobothissuesareconsideredtogetherinthisbook. The increasing demand for safety in modern societies, combined with the limited availability of financial resources, has created the need for cost-effective solutions. Different technologies havebeensuccessfullyappliedtoaconsiderablenumberofdamsallovertheworld,butcasesare scatteredacrossthetechnicalpublications.Alsotheincreasinglywidescientificworkrelatedtothis subjectisdispersedanddisconnectedfromtheprofessionalwork.Soitwasconsideredconvenient topromoteaninternationalforumforshowinganddiscussingcasesandresearchesrelatedtodam protection. The book contains a selection of the proceedings of the 1st International Seminar on Dam ProtectionagainstOvertoppingandAccidentalLeakageheldinMadrid(Spain)in24–26November 2014.Thelatestadvancesondamprotectionsandaportfolioofapplicationsinrepresentativecase studiesareincluded.Topicsofthebookare:failureanalysisofembankmentdams;softandhard protectionsforembankmentdams;failureandprotectionofconcretedamsandadditionalissues relatedtodamprotections.Thebookalsoincludesasummaryofthetechnicalmanual“Overtopping ProtectionforDams”,publishedbytheUSFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)in March2014,thatwaspresentedinEuropeduringtheseminar. This book can be considered as a comprehensive summary of the background about dam protectionsincludingcasestudiesandappliedresearchworldwide. IX