DAM PROJECTS AND THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY DeDication This book is dedicated to those men and women of the IASP, RBS, and the cooperating institutions who set the path for those of us who followed. DAM PROJECTS AND THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY The River Basin Surveys and the Interagency Archeological Salvage Program Editors Kimball M. Banks Jon S. Czaplicki Walnut Creek, California LEFT COAST PRESS, INC. 1630 North Main Street, #400 Walnut Creek, CA 94596 http://www.LCoastPress.com Copyright © 2014 by Left Coast Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-1-61132-174-6 hardback ISBN 978-1-61132-176-0 institutional eBook ISBN 978-1-61132-766-3 consumer eBook Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Dam projects and the growth of American archaeology: the River Basin Surveys and the Interagency Archeological Salvage Program/edited by Kimball M. Banks and Jon S. Czaplicki.       pages cm Summary: “The Smithsonian Institution’s River Basin Surveys and the Interagency Archeological Salvage Program were the most ambitious archaeological projects ever undertaken in the United States. Administered by the National Park Service from 1945– 1969, the programs had profound effects—methodological, theoretical, and historical— on American archaeology, many of which are still being felt today. They stimulated the public’s interest in heritage preservation, led to the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act, served as the model for rescue archaeology in other countries, and helped launch the ‘New Archaeology.’ This book examines the impacts of these two programs on the development of American archaeology”—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61132-174-6 (hardback) — ISBN 978-1-61132-176-0 (institutional eBook) — ISBN 978-1-61132-766-3 (consumer eBook) 1. Archaeology—United States—History—20th century. 2. Salvage archaeology— United States—History—20th century. 3. Archaeological surveying—United States— History—20th century. 4. Archaeology and state—United States—History—20th century. 5. Historic preservation—United States—History—20th century. 6. River Basin Surveys—History. 7. Interagency Archeological Salvage Program (U.S.)— History. 8. Dams—United States—Design and construction—History—20th century. 9. Dams—Environmental aspects—United States—History—20th century. I. Banks, Kimball M. II. Czaplicki, Jon S. CC101.U6D36 2014 973—dc23                                 2013048333 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992. Contents List of Illustrations 7 Acknowledgments 10 1. Introduction: The Flood Control Act of 1944 and the 11 Growth of American Archaeology Kimball M. Banks and Jon S. Czaplicki Part I The National Park Service and the Smithsonian Institution 2. The National Park Service and the Smithsonian Institution: 25 Partners in Salvage Archaeology Thomas D. Thiessen, Deborah Hull-Walski, and Lynn M. Snyder Part II The RBS and IASP Programs 3. The Lincoln Office and the Upper Missouri River Basin 41 W. Raymond Wood 4. Archaeological “Appraisals” of Twenty Stream Basins in 53 California: Investigations by the Smithsonian Institution’s River Basin Surveys, 1947–1951 Michael J. Moratto and Francis A. Riddell 5. The River Basin Surveys in the Columbia Plateau 66 R. Lee Lyman 6. Archaeological Salvage at Texas Reservoir Construction 85 Projects: 1945–1969 Edward B. Jelks 7. Federal Archaeology in the Southeast 95 Richard A. Krause 8. Contributions of the Washington Office to the Archaeology 115 of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Regions Susan C. Prezzano 9. Upper Colorado River Archaeological Salvage Projects 129 Don D. Fowler Part III The RBS and IASP Impacts on American Archaeology 10. Contributions to Physical Anthropology by the Smithsonian 141 Institution’s River Basin Surveys Vanessa A. Mirro 11. Missouri Basin Projects and the Emergence of Historical 151 Archaeology on the Great Plains William B. Lees 12. Paleontological Significance of the Missouri River 167 Basin Surveys John W. Hoganson 13. Women in Reservoir Salvage Archaeology 180 Ruthann Knudson 14. The Missouri River: The Backbone to Survival 202 Gerard Baker—Yellow Wolf 15. Flapping Tents, Outhouses, Hail Storms, and Running 214 for Water: An Insider’s View of the Life in Interagency Archeological Salvage Program Field Camps, 1950s–1970s David Mayer Gradwohl 16. From RBS to CRM: Late Twentieth-Century Developments 228 in American Archaeology Francis P. McManamon References 253 Index 295 About the Authors 313 Illustrations Figures Figure 1.1 RBS field crew off to work 14 Figure 1.2 An RBS camp 14 Figure 1.3 The Missouri Basin Project office in Lincoln, Nebraska 15 Figure 1.4 The distribution of RBS project offices 16 Figure 1.5 One of two books for the general public on salvage 17 archaeology Figure 2.1 John M. Corbett and Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. 29 Figure 2.2 Specimen processing desks 34 Figure 3.1 Dean Clark cataloging specimens at the MRBS field 42 office in Lincoln, Nebraska Figure 3.2 The Sully Site (39SL4), the largest of the earthlodge 45 villages on the upper Missouri River Figure 3.3 Field camp of Robert L. Stephenson at the Potts Site 47 (39CO19) Figure 3.4 Supervisors and visitors at the excavation of 48 Fort Berthold I Figure 3.5 Marvin F. Kivett’s excavation of Upper Republican 49 houses in the Medicine Creek Reservoir, 1948 Figure 5.1 Location of RBS projects undertaken through the 67 RBS Columbia Basin Project office in Eugene, Oregon Figure 5.2 Location of hydroelectric dams and selected 69 archaeological sites and locations in the Columbia Basin of eastern Washington state Figure 5.3 Windust Cave C chronology of projectile point types 79 Figure 6.1 Map showing locations of reservoir projects in Texas 86 where surveys and/or excavations were carried out Figure 6.2 RBS crew at Lavon Reservoir, 1950 87 Figure 6.3 Stepped excavations of deep stratified deposits at the 93 Devils Mouth Site, Amistad Reservoir, 1962 Figure 9.1 Colorado River, Major Dams, and Drainage Basin 130 Figure 9.2 Area of Glen Canyon Salvage Project, Upper 133 Colorado River Figure 12.1 Location of Missouri River Basin reservoirs where 170 paleontological surveys were done from 1943 through 1953 Figure 12.2 Theodore White at camp during his Canyon Ferry 175 Reservoir, Montana paleontology survey Figure 13.1 Mary Rusco from Gene Hattori 185 Figure 13.2 Ann Stofer Johnson, 1971 186 Figure 13.3 Leavenworth Site 1961: Astrida Blukis, Petra 189 Moore, Bruce Blinco, Valerie Wheeler, and Richard Krause Figure 13.4 Nettie Adams and Floyd Laughter cooking breakfast 199 Figure 13.5 Carol Condie Stout 200 Figure 14.1 Like-a-Fishhook Village 206 Figure 14.2 Shell Creek Map 207 Figure 14.3 George Gillette 210 Figure 15.1 Doing laundry at the Oacoma field camp, 1952 217 Figure 15.2 Writing up field notes in the tent, Big Sandy 220 Reservoir, Farson, Wyoming Figure 15.3 NSHS field camp at the Crow Creek Site, 1955 221 Figure 15.4 Native American crew members at the Crow Creek 222 Site, 1955 Figure 15.5 NSHS crew members relaxing after bathing and 224 swimming in Lake Bedashosha Figure 15.6 Women and men on ISU’s first archaeological field 226 crew, 1964 Tables Table 4.1 River Basin Surveys projects in California (1947–1951) 57 Table 8.1 Selected projects of the River Basin Surveys in the 127 Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states directed from the Washington office Table 10.1 RBS cemetery sites yielding large skeletal samples 146 Table 11.1 Historic sites identified through historical research 160 within the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota Table 12.1 List of Missouri River Basin reservoirs where 171 paleontological surveys were done from 1943 through 1953 Table 16.1 Presentations, Authors, Commenters, and Discussants 234 1974 Denver CRM Conference Table 16.2 The management of archeological resources: 237 The airlie house report