Cyber-Physical Systems in the Construction Sector Editor Wesam Salah Alaloul Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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ISBN: 978-1-032-03992-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-03993-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-19013-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003190134 Typeset in Times New Roman by Innovative Processors Preface Open spectrum technological trends in modern construction projects are taking over the construction sector at an elevated pace. One such technological space is being created by Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). A CPSs is a mechanism that is monitored and controlled by computer-based algorithms. In the construction sector, CPSs can help to increase the efficiency of construction projects with reduced costs, time, and better management approaches. This book aims to develop the fundamental concepts of construction project management which are associated with the CPSs and their applications within modern construction projects aligned to the scope of Industry Revolution (IR) 4.0. The target audience of this book are academicians, such as students and faculty, and construction sectors prime stakeholders such as clients, consultants, and contractors. The book covers the overall concept and major applications of CPSs in the construction sector, starting from the basic fundamental model of CPSs to its important aspects, domains, future revolutions, and challenges. A general preview for CPSs technologies in the construction sector was illustrated to the reader under IR 4.0 umbrella, which will motivate the researchers and practitioners towards its adaptability in future projects. Wesam Salah Alaloul Contents Preface iii 1. Fundamentals of Construction Project Management 1 Introduction 1 Classifications of Construction Project Management 4 Issues in Construction Industry 8 Construction Management using CPSs 13 Summary 16 2. Fundamentals of Cyber-Physical Systems 22 Introduction 22 CPSs Concept 24 CPSs Characteristics 25 Technology Requirements of CPSs 26 System Architecture 31 Evolution of CPSs Architectural Models 33 Summary 35 3. Technology Requirements for Cyber Physical Systems Implementation in Construction 39 Introduction 39 The Physical Layer 40 The Information Layer 45 General CPSs Requirements/Challenges 47 Status of Technologies Implementation in the Construction Industry 54 Summary 55 4. Internet of Things (IoT) for Construction Cyber-Physical Systems 60 Introduction 60 Key Enabling Technologies in IoT and CPSs 63 vi Contents Internet of Things and Services (IoTS) 68 Application of IoT in Construction Sector 69 Summary 73 5. Cyber-Physical Systems and Digital Twins (DT) in Construction Projects 78 Introduction 78 The Digital Twin (DT) Paradigm 80 Summary 85 6. Modelling and Simulation of Construction Cyber-Physical Systems 88 Introduction 88 Wireless CPSs Modelling 89 Models of Computation 91 Software Development Methodologies for CPSs 92 Software’s and Languages for CPSs Development 94 Data Flow Model 101 Challenges in Modelling 106 Summary 108 7. Role of Cyber-Physical Systems in Smart Cities 111 Introduction 111 Characteristics of Smart vs Traditional Cities 112 Smart Cities Perspectives 113 Classification of Smart Cities 115 Cyber-Physical Systems in Smart City Spaces (SCSs) 117 CPSs in Architecture and Technology in Smart City Spaces 120 Service-Oriented Smart City Mobility Applications 122 Future of CPSs in Smart Cities 123 Summary 125 8. Threats, Security and Safety of Cyber-Physical Systems in Construction Industry 130 Introduction 130 General Threats of CPSs Application 131 Threats Specific to CPSs of Construction Industry 134 Threat Modelling 137 CPSs Security Challenges 142 CPSs Security Solutions 143 Summary 147 Contents vii 9. Applications of Cyber-Physical Systems in Construction Projects 153 Introduction 153 Construction Progress Monitoring and Process Control 155 Safety Management 158 Intelligent Transportation Management 161 Intelligent Crane Operations 161 Change Management 163 As-Built Information 164 Operation and Maintenance 164 Challenges of CPSs Adoption 165 Cost 165 Benefits 165 Summary 166 10. Challenges of Cyber-Physical Systems Implementation in Construction Industry 172 Introduction 172 Streaming Data in Real-Time Environment 175 Large Data Collection 178 Effectively Handle Unstructured Information 182 Integration Across Diverse Data Sources 182 Data Security for Data Transformation, Communication, and Storage 183 Further Challenges to Implementing CPSs 184 Summary 187 Index 191 CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Construction Project Management Syed Saad, Wesam Salah Alaloul and Syed Ammad Introduction Construction project management can be defined as the process of planning, organizing, and managing the response to an event or other demands (Love et al. 2002). This process is also known as project management when its goal is discreet production. The end products are typically a facility, product, or structure upon which no construction work has been yet performed. In managing a construction project, the importance of managing technical approaches and performance specifications with contractual requirements between construction organisations is very important. This is because, without such consideration, coordination may not be able to function properly. Without any coordination, its success will undermine the efficiency of the job. Construction project management is required to ensure that all construction projects have a high level of coordination among different project stakeholders (Maqbool et al. 2017). It’s considered to be shrewd and wise when tasks are completed on time, on budget, and the mission or vision has been reached. The goal of construction project management is always the safety and success of the vision (Park et al. 2015). Construction project management skills are required for every profession in construction. It requires professionals with construction organisations to have an emphasis on different levels of expertise, from architects to engineers. Quality analysts can provide valuable insight into the constructions’ complexities around materials and risks. In some scenarios, large-scale construction organisations are needed to complete the complex work; therefore, project management is necessary due to all the different tasks required (Adam et al. 2018). Organisations work closely with architects and designers to ensure project goals are achieved as they involve a detailed understanding of what needs to be done in order for them to come together for the best possible