Current Problems of Hydrogeology in Urban Areas, Urban Agglomerates and Industrial Centres NATO Science Series ASeriespresentingtheresultsofscientificmeetingssupportedundertheNArDScience Programme. TheSeriesispublishedby10SPress,Amsterdam,andKluwerAcademic Publishersinconjunction withtheNATOScientificAffairsDivision Sub-Series 1. LifeandBehaviouralSciences 10SPress II. Mathematics,Physicsand Chemistry KluwerAcademicPublishers JII.ComputerandSystemsScience 10SPress IV.Earthand EnvironmentalSciences KluwerAcademicPublishers V. ScienceandTechnologyPolicy 10SPress TheNATOScienceSeriescontinuestheseriesofbookspublishedformerlyastheNATOASISeries. The NATOScience Programme offers support for collaboration incivilscience between scientists of countries oftheEuro-AtlanticPartnership Council.Thetypes ofscientificmeeting generally supported are"AdvancedStudyInstitutes"and"AdvancedResearchWorkshops",althoughothertypesofmeeting aresupportedfromtimetotime.TheNATOScienceSeriescollects togethertheresultsofthese mee tings.The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATOcountries and scientists from NATO's Partnercountries- countriesoftheCISandCentralandEasternEurope. AdvancedStudyInstitutesarehigh-Ieveltutorialcoursesofferingin-depthstudyoflatestadvancesin afield. AdvancedResearchWorkshopsareexpertmeetingsaimedatcriticalassessmentofafield,andiden tification ofdirectionsforfutureaction. As aconsequence oftherestructuringofthe NATOScience Programme in1999,the NATOScience Serieshasbeenre-organisedandtherearecurrentlyfivesub-seriesasnotedabove.Pleaseconsultthe followingwebsitesforinformationonpreviousvolumespublishedintheSeries,aswellasdetailsofear liersub-series. http://www.nato.intlscience http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm SeriesIV:EarthandEnvironmentalSciences- VoI.8 Current Problems of Hydrogeology in Urban Areas, Urban Agglomerates and Industrial Centres ediled by Ken W.F. Howard ChairoftheInternationalAssocialionofHydrogeologists, CommissiononGroundwaterinUrbanAreas, UniversityofToronto,Canada .od Raul G.Isralilov GeologyInstitute, AzerbaijanAcademyofSciences, Baku,Azerbaijan Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedResearchWorkshopon CurrentProblemsofHydrogeologyinUrbanAreas, UrbanAgglomerates andIndustrialCentres Baku,Azerbaijan 29May-1June2001 AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN 978-1-4020-0601-2 ISBN 978-94-010-0409-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0409-1 Printedonacid-treepaper AII RightsReserved ©2002 SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht Originallypublished byKluwerAcademicPublishersin2002 Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition 2002 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduce<!,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formor byanymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any materialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacompu tersystern,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. TABLE OFCONTENTS PREFACE IX 1. URBAN GROUNDWATERISSUES- AN INTRODUCTION K.WF. HOWARD 2. GROUNDWATERANOMALIES INTHE URBANAREAS OF AZERBAIJAN 17 R.G. ISRAFILOV 3. URBANGROUNDWATERAND SANITATION- DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 39 M.H. BARRETTANDA.G. HOWARD 4. MODELLINGASAPOWERFULTOOL FORPREDICTING HYDROGEOLOGICALCHANGEIN URBANAND INDUSTRIAL AREAS 57 A. SPALVINS 5. URBAN GROUNDWATERPROTECTIONAND MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FROM DEVELOPING CITIES,BANGLADESHAND KYRGHYZSTAN 77 B.L. MORRIS, R.G. LITVAKAND K.M.AHMED 6. CONTROLLINGSEAWATERINTRUSIONBENEATHCOASTAL CITIES 103 H.M.OZLER 7. THE INFLUENCEOFURBANISATIONON GROUNDWATER RECHARGEAND DISCHARGE INTHE CITYOFEVORA, SOUTH PORTUGAL 127 1. DUQUE,A. CHAMBELAND M. MADEIRA 8. WELLWATERQUALITYAND POLLUTANT SOURCE DISTRI- BUTIONS INAN URBANAQUIFER 139 1.H.TELLAMANDA. THOMAS 9. HYDROGEOLOGICAL FACTORSFORSUSTAINABLEURBAN WATERSYSTEMS 159 M. EISWIRTH vi 10.MANAGINGGROUNDWATERSUPPLIESTOMEETMUNICIPAL DEMANDS- THEROLEOFSIMULATION - OPTIMISATION- DEMANDMODELSANDDATAISSUES 185 E. ZIAHOSSEINIPOUR 11.EFFECTS OF INTERACTIONBETWEENSURFACEWATERAND GROUNDWATERONGROUNDWATERFLOWANDQUALITY BENEATHURBANAREAS 201 T. GRISCHEK,A. FOLEY, D. SCHOENHEINZAND B. GUTT 12.RISING GROUNDWATERLEVELS IN NORTH-EASTERN UKRAINE: HAZARDOUSTRENDSIN URBANAREAS 221 v.v. JAKOVLJEY, L.P. SVIRENKO,O.JU. CHEBANOVAND0.1. SPIRIN 13.MAJORASPECTSOF URBAN HYDROGEOLOGY IN CENTRAL EUROPE- EXAMPLESFROMGERMANY 243 E.P. LOEHNERT 14.GROUNDWATERASANALTERNATIVE SOURCE OFSUPPLY FORURBANAREASINRUSSIA 263 I.S. ZEKTSERAND L.S.YAZVIN 15.PROBLEMSOFGROUNDWATEREXPLORATION IN GYANDJA CITY,AZERBAIJAN 273 Y.G. ISRAFILOV 16.GEOSTATISTICALCHARACTERISATIONOFAQUIFER HETE ROGENEITYAROUNDTWO URBAN LANDFILLS USING LITHOLOGICALANDGEOPHYSICALDATA 285 L. RIBEIRO 17.GROUNDWATERPROTECTION INTHE REPUBLICOF AZERBAIJAN RELATEDTOTHEPRODUCTIONANDTRANS- PORTATION OFOIL 301 ES. ALIEVAND ES. ASKEROV 18.UTILISATIONAND PROTECTIONOFFRESH,MINERAL AND GEOTHERMAL WATERS INTHE URBANAREAOF HORNA NITRA,SLOVAKIA 317 M.FENDEK 19.ENVIRONMENTALLIABILITYANDMETHODSOFPOLLUTION PREVENTION- LEGALANDTECHNICALAPPROACHESIN GERMANY 331 D. KLAFFKE vii 20.IMPACTSONTHE ENGINEERINGPROPERTIESOFROCKS IN TBILISI,GEORGIA DUETOCHANGING HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 353 G. BUACHIDZE, G. CHOKHONELIDZEANDV. CHUMBURIDZE 21.URBANGROUNDWATERCONTAMINATION: LESSONS FROM THE DONBASSREGION,UKRAINE 363 V.G. MAGMEDOV,L.S. GALETSKY AND YeA YAKOVLEV 22.UNDERSTANDING HYDROGEOLOGICALENVIRONMENTSAS APREREQUISITE FORPREDICTINGTECHNOGENIC CHAN- GES INGROUNDWATERSYSTEMS 381 1.KRASNY 23.ANTHROPOGENIC HYDROGEOLOGICALCONDITIONS IN THE MOSCOWCITYAREA,RUSSIA 399 R.G. DZHAMALOVANDv.L. ZLOBINA 24.PREDICTING GROUNDWATERFLOWBEHAVIORIN NON UNIFORMAQUIFERS INCONTACTWITHASTREAM:AN EXTENSIONTO DITCH DRAINAGE 407 H.ONDER 25.ASURVEYOF GROUNDWATERLEVELRISEAND RECOM MENDATIONS FORHIGHWATERTABLEMITIGATION FOR THE CITYOFGULISTAN,REPUBLIC OFUZBEKISTAN 425 R.K. IKRAMOVAND KH.I.YAKUBOV 26.NATURALATTENUATION OFAIRPORTPOLLUTANTSINTHE UNSATURATEDZONE- STUDIESATGARDERMOEN,NORWAY 437 H.K. FRENCH, L.R. BAKKENAND S.E.A.T.M.VAN DERZEE 27.METHODSOFASSESSING IMPACTSOFURBANISATIONON GROUNDWATERQUALITY- LITHUANIAN EXPERIENCE 457 A.A. KLIMAS 28.GROUNDWATERQUALITYAND POLLUTIONPROBLEMS IN - THE IZMIRREGION OFTURKEY 479 A.TURKMAN,A. ASLANAND Z.YILMAZ INDEX 491 PREFACE In recent decades, urban groundwater issues have generated worldwide concern - the problems are numerous: too little groundwater, too much groundwater, and groundwater contaminated by either saline water or a broad spectrum of urban and industrial pollutants. Urban groundwater was a major focus of Urban Water '88, a UNESCO symposium dealing with hydrological processes and water management in urban areas; in 1992, it was recognised once again at the "UnitedNations Conference on Environment and Development" in Rio, where Agenda 21 responded to a growing concern for rapid urbanpopulationgrowthby specifYingtheneed to protect the quality and supply of freshwater resources by an integrated approach to the development, managementand useofwaterin a sustainable way. In 1996, a UN Habitat Conference held in Beijingdealt with "ManagingWater Resources for LargeCities," and in 1997, the International Association of Hydrogeologists dedicated its XXVII Congress in Nottingham, UK, to the topic of"Groundwater in Urban Areas." In the past five years urban groundwater issues have become a regular theme at groundwater conferences throughouttheworld. In May 2001, a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Current Problems of Hydrogeology in Urban Areas, Urban Agglomerates and Industrial Centres" was held in Baku, Azerbaijan on the understanding that many urban groundwater problems are not unique to anyone region and there is much to begained byscientific co-operation on an international scale. The products of that workshop, co-sponsored by the International Association of Hydrogeologists Commission on Groundwater in Urban Areas, (IAHCGUA), are presented in this volume. Someofthecasestudieshave never before been described in the English language. Overall, the papers represent the work and experiences of researchers and groundwater professionals who have worked on urban groundwater issues in developed and lesser-developed nationsaround the world. They reveal the magnitude and scope of the problem; but they also identifY future challenges, potential courses ofaction, and emerging technologies that give hope for the future. In some urban areas, the outlook may appear bleak. However, in the past twentyyears, much has been learnedaboutthe influenceofurban andindustrialactivity on groundwater quality and quantity, and the science of urban groundwater has developed immensely. The knowledge base is strong and technologies for resource conservation, management and protection are advancing well. Toooften, groundwater professionals have been content to respond to the symptoms ofthe problem and have avoided the root cause. Itis timefor groundwaterpractitioners tomovefrom reactive to proactivemode and becomedirectlyinvolvedin theurban planningprocess. Onlythen can we ensure that groundwater becomes less of an urban problem and more an instrumentfor sustainableurban growth, health andprosperity. Ken HowardandRauflsrafilov, NATO ARW Directors,January 2002 ix URBANGROUNDWATERISSUES- AN INTRODUCTION K.W.F. HOWARD Chairof the InternationalAssociationofHydrogeologists CommissiononGroundwaterin Urban Areas, and ProfessorofHydrogeology UniversityofTorontoatScarborough, 1265Military Trail, Scarborough, OntarioMIC IA4, Canada ABSTRACT: Manyofthe world's urbanised regions grewataslowbutconsistentrate for thousands ofyears. In many countries, urban growth rates accelerated in the 19th century due to the industrial revolution. Today, however, most rapid growth is occurringin Asian andLatin American countrieswhereconcernshavebeenraised that the rates may be environmentallyunsustainable. Currently, threebillionpeoplelive in urban areas, representinghalftheworld'spopulation. This numbercoulddoublewithin fifty years. Large urban areas are the economic engines ofthe world. However, they exert an enormous stress on natural resources and the immediate environment groundwater, in particular, is seriously compromised. The earliest impacts were recognised in areas where excessive use ofgroundwater led to a regional lowering of the potentiometric surface and promoted such problems as reduced well yields, saline intrusion and land subsidence. Today, the most common urban groundwater issues concern groundwater pollution from urban and industrial sources and recharge management, mainly in the context of rising water levels. As a science, urban hydrogeology is relatively young. Issues are complex and much remains to be done. Nevertheless, a wealth of knowledge has been gained, many issues are well documented and problems are generally well understood. Solutions are beginning to emerge and there is encouraging evidence that better methods of impact prediction, groundwater protection and urban groundwater management will provide major benefits. Thereis nowarecognition that groundwatermustform an integral partofthe urban planningprocess iflarge urban and industrial regions are to beenvironmentally sustainable. It is essential, however, that groundwater professionals adopt a proactive roleiftheir skillsandknowledge are tobefully incorporatedin this process. K.W.F.HowardandR.G.Israfilov(eds.), CurrentProblemsofHydrogeologyinUrbanAreas.UrbanAgglomeratesandIndustrialCentres, 1-15. ©2002KluwerAcademicPublishers. PrintedintheNetherlands. 2 1. Introduction Large urban areas provide the work force and infrastructure that drive the world's economy. Unfortunately, large population centres and associated industrial and commercial activity can exert an enormous stress on the natural resources ofa region, the mostimportantbeingwater. Halfthe world'spopulationofsixbillionpresentlylive in urban areas; some suggest this number will double by 2050. It is now well recognised that safe water supplies and adequate sanitation and drainage are a fundamental requirement ifgrowth ofthe world's largest urban conurbations is to be environmentallysustainable[1]. Groundwater represents the world's largest and most important source ofpotable water [2]. It is also an important resource for many ofthe world's larger cities. Urban and industrial developmentcan impose majorstresses on this resource - onquantity by increasing water demand, and on quality through the release ofcontaminants that can compromise groundwater quality and thereby limit its utility. Perhaps more critically, urban and industrial development can radically disrupt the entire water balance ofan area by modifying key hydrologic components such as evapotranspiration, run-offand aquifer recharge. The overall effect can be to alter groundwater flow directions and fundamentally change the nature and degree of interaction between water bodies groundwater, riverwater, lakes, wetlandsandtheseas.Understandingsuchchangesand developing methods to responsiblymanage theireffects is the primarychallenge facing practitionersinthefield ofurbangroundwater. The purposeofthispaperis toprovidethe readerwithabriefintroductiontourban groundwater and the many issues and problems that must be resolved. As a science, urban hydrogeology is relatively young. Nevertheless, the knowledge base has increased significantly in recent years, many problems are well understood and solutionsarebeginningtoemerge. 2. EarliestImpacts In many parts ofthe world, settlement and subsequent growth of "urban" population centreshasoccurredataslowbutconsistentratefor thousandsofyears. Inanumberof countries, urban growth rates accelerated during the 19th century due to the industrial revolution which attracted immigrants from the surrounding countryside. In modem times, rapid growth is predominantly occurring in Asian and LatinAmerican countries whereconcernshavebeenraisedthatratesmaybeenvironmentallyunsustainable [3]. Many heavily populated areas can attribute their origins to groundwater which eitheremergedfrom the groundas cool springsoffresh, clearwaterorwasdrawn from shallow private wells. As a potable source, groundwater is normally more'desirable thansurfacewatersinceittends tobebetterprotectedfrom surface sourcesofpollution