Forthcoming Current Anthropology Wenner-Gren Symposium C Current u Supplementary Issues (in order of appearance) r r e n       Human Biology and the Origins of Homo. Susan Antón and Leslie C. Aiello, t A Anthropology eds. n t h The Anthropology of Potentiality: Exploring the Productivity of the r Undefined and Its Interplay with Notions of Humanness in New Medical o p Practices. Karen-Sue Taussig and Klaus Hoeyer, eds. o l o g y THE WENNER-GREN SYMPOSIUM SERIES Previously Published Supplementary Issues A THE BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF LIVING HUMAN p r Working Memory: Beyond Language and Symbolism. Thomas Wynn and il POPULATIONS: WORLD HISTORIES, NATIONAL STYLES, 2 Frederick L. Coolidge, eds. 0 AND INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS 1 2 Engaged Anthropology: Diversity and Dilemmas. Setha M. Low and Sally GUEST EDITORS: SUSAN LINDEE AND RICARDO VENTURA SANTOS Engle Merry, eds. The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations V Corporate Lives: New Perspectives on the Social Life of the Corporate Form. o Contexts and Trajectories of Physical Anthropology in Brazil l u Damani Partridge, Marina Welker, and Rebecca Hardin, eds. m Birth of Physical Anthropology in Late Imperial Portugal e Norwegian Physical Anthropology and a Nordic Master Race 5 The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas. T. Douglas Price and Ofer 3 The Ainu and the Search for the Origins of the Japanese Bar-Yosef, eds. Isolates and Crosses in Human Population Genetics S Practicing Anthropology in the French Colonial Empire, 1880–1960 u p Physical Anthropology in the Colonial Laboratories of the United States p l Humanizing Evolution e m Human Population Biology in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century e n t Internationalizing Physical Anthropology 5 Biological Anthropology at the Southern Tip of Africa The Origins of Anthropological Genetics Current Anthropologyissponsoredby The Beyond the Cephalic Index Wenner-GrenFoundation for Anthropological Anthropology and Personal Genomics Research,a foundation endowedfor scientific, Biohistorical Narratives of Racial Difference in the American Negro educational, and charitablepurposes. The Foundation, however,isnotto beunderstood as Pa An Anthropology of Repatriation g endorsing,byvirtueof itsfinancialsupport, anyof e Ethical Issues in Human Population Biology thestatementsmade, or viewsexpressed,herein. s S Genomics, Anthropology, and Construction of Whiteness as Property 1 – Old Bones, New Powers S 2 An Interview: Studying Mandela’s Children 6 6 0011-3204(201204)53:2+5;1-P Sponso red by the Wenne r-Gren Foundation for Anth ropologic al Rese arch T HE U N I V E R S IT Y O F C H I CA G O P R E SS Wenner-Gren Symposium Series Editor: Leslie Aiello Wenner-Gren Symposium Series Managing Editor: Victoria Malkin Current Anthropology Editor: Mark Aldenderfer Current Anthropology Managing Editor: Lisa McKamy Book Reviews Editor: Holley Moyes Corresponding Editors: Claudia Briones (IIDyPCa-Universidad Nacional de R´ıo Negro, Argentina; [email protected]), Anne deSales(CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique,France;[email protected]),MichalisKontopodis(HumboldtUniv- ersita¨t zu Berlin, Germany; [email protected]), Jos´e Luis Lanata (Universidad Nacional de R´ıo Negro San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina; [email protected]), David Palmer (Hong Kong University, China; [email protected]), Zhang Yinong (Shanghai University, China; [email protected]) Please send all editorial correspondence to Reasonsofpracticalityorlawmakeitnecessaryordesirable Mark Aldenderfer to circulate Current Anthropology without charge in certain School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts portionsoftheworld;itishoped,however,thatrecipientsof University of California, Merced thisjournalwithoutchargewillindividuallyorcollectivelyin 5200 North Lake Road various groups apply funds or time and energytotheworld Merced, CA 95343, U.S.A. goodofhumankindthroughthehumansciences.Information (fax: 209-228-4007; e-mail: [email protected]) concerning applicable countries is available on request. 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Additional taxes and/or postage for non-U.S. subscrip- tionsmayapply.Freeordeeplydiscountedaccessisavailable to readers in most developing nations through the Chicago Emerging Nations Initiative (www.journals.uchicago.edu/ ceni/). Please direct subscription inquiries, back-issue requests, andaddresschangestotheUniversityofChicagoPress,Jour- nalsDivision,P.O.Box37005,Chicago,IL60637.Telephone: (773) 753-3347 or toll-free in the United StatesandCanada (877) 705-1878. Fax: (773) 753-0811 or toll-free (877) 705- 1879. E-mail: [email protected] Current Anthropology Volume 53 Supplement 5 April 2012 The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and International Networks Leslie C. Aiello The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and International Networks: Wenner-Gren Symposium Supplement 5 S1 Introduction Susan Lindee and Ricardo Ventura Santos The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and International Networks: An Introduction to Supplement 5 S3 Anthropology and National Identity Ricardo Ventura Santos Guardian Angel on a Nation’s Path: Contexts and Trajectories of Physical Anthropology in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries S17 Gon¸calo Santos The Birth of Physical Anthropology in Late Imperial Portugal S33 Jon Røyne Kyllingstad Norwegian Physical Anthropology and the Idea of a Nordic Master Race S46 Morris Low Physical Anthropology in Japan: The Ainu and the Search for the Origins of the Japanese S57 The View from the Centers: Germany, France, United States Veronika Lipphardt Isolates and Crosses in Human Population Genetics; or, A Contextualization of German Race Science S69 Emmanuelle Sibeud A Useless Colonial Science? Practicing Anthropology in the French Colonial Empire, circa 1880–1960 S83 http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CA Warwick Anderson Racial Hybridity, Physical Anthropology, and Human Biology in the Colonial Laboratories of the United States S95 Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis Humanizing Evolution: Anthropology, the Evolutionary Synthesis, and the Prehistory of Biological Anthropology, 1927–1962 S108 Michael A. Little Human Population Biology in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century S126 Clark Spencer Larsen and Leslie Lea Williams Internationalizing Physical Anthropology: A View of the Study of Living Human Variation from the Pages of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology S139 A Global Form of Reason Alan G. Morris Biological Anthropology at the Southern Tip of Africa: Carrying European Baggage in an African Context S152 Jonathan Marks The Origins of Anthropological Genetics S161 Perrin Selcer Beyond the Cephalic Index: Negotiating Politics to Produce UNESCO’s Scientific Statements on Race S173 G´ısli Pa´lsson Decode Me! Anthropology and Personal Genomics S185 Collecting and Contested Ownership Rachel J. Watkins Biohistorical Narratives of Racial Difference in the American Negro: Notes toward a Nuanced History of American Physical Anthropology S196 Ann M. Kakaliouras An Anthropology of Repatriation: Contemporary Physical Anthropological and Native American Ontologies of Practice S210 Trudy R. Turner Ethical Issues in Human Population Biology S222 Jenny Reardon and Kim TallBear “Your DNA Is Our History”: Genomics, Anthropology, and the Construction of Whiteness as Property S233 New Powers: Biological Anthropology and the Persistence of History Jean-Fran¸cois V´eran Old Bones, New Powers S246 Joanna Radin and Noel Cameron Studying Mandela’s Children: Human Biology in Post- Apartheid South Africa: An Interview with Noel Cameron S256 CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012 Letter from the President of the Wenner-Gren Foundation We apologize to Dr. Martha Macintyre (University of Mel- with ethical and professional standards in all her work, in- bourne) regardingarecentarticleintheWenner-GrenSym- cluding her work in relation to Porgera. Any suggestion to posium Supplement 3,includedwiththeApril2011issueof the contrary was not the view of Current Anthropology. Current Anthropology, that examined the role of anthropol- ogists and other actors in the conflicts between indigenous IpiliandthePorgeraJointVenturegoldmineinthehighlands ofPapuaNewGuinea(Coumans2011).Thearticleincluded Literature Cited errors about the work of Dr. Macintyre in relation to those conflicts. Coumans,Catherine.2011.Occupyingspacescreatedbyconflict:anthropol- It is appropriate to note that Dr. Macintyre has written ogists, development NGOs, responsibleinvestment,andmining.Current Anthropology52(suppl.3):S29–S43. extensively on questions of human rights in Papua New Guinea,isthepastpresidentoftheAustralianAnthropology Society,andisthecurrenteditorofitsjournal,TheAustralian LeslieC.Aiello JournalofAnthropology.ItisalsoappropriatetonotethatDr. President, Wenner-Gren Foundation, and Macintyre has informed us thatsheactedinfullcompliance Wenner-Gren Symposium Series Editor DOI:10.1086/663289 CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012 S1 The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and International Networks Wenner-Gren Symposium Supplement 5 by Leslie C. Aiello The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: of the field in its “core” areas of France, Germany, and the WorldHistories,NationalStyles,andInternationalNetworksis United States, where it first appeared in thenineteenthcen- the fifth Wenner-Gren Symposium to be published as an tury. There are also case studies in areas to which it subse- open-access supplement of Current Anthropology. The sym- quentlyspread:Brazil,Portugal,Norway,Japan,Iceland,and posium was organized by M. Susan Lindee (University of South Africa. Crosscutting topics include racism and the Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) and Ricardo Ventura Santos (Museu changing concept of race, the relationship between coloni- Nacional & Fundac¸a˜o Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil) and was held alism, imperialism, and physical anthropology, and the ten- March5–12,2010,attheHotelRosadosVentos,Tereso´polis, sion between biological and social adaptation as applied to Brazil (fig. 1). humans.Amajorthemeisthecollectionofhumanbiological ThereareinterrelatedandcompellingreasonsforWenner- materials and the changing and evolving quandaries sur- Gren interest in this symposium. As Lindee and Santosem- rounding these collections and their repatriation over time, phasizeintheirintroduction(LindeeandSantos2012),mod- anissuethathasbeenexacerbatedbythe“molecularization” ern biological anthropologists, and particularly human ofbiologicalanthropology.LindeeandSantos(2012)describe biologists, are generally embarrassed by the history of their biological anthropological collections as flash points forun- disciplineandrarelyhaveaninterestindelvingintoit.Rather, derstanding the discipline, arguing that they play a pivotal most see themselves as the scientific wing of anthropology, roleintheconstructionofmodernethnic,national,andglobal with little to learn from the past or from research less than identitiesandatthesametimeareshapingwhatitmeansto adecadeorsoold,leavingthehistorytohistoriansofscience. be a biological anthropologist today. Accompanyingthislackofinterestisanapparentabsenceof Past Wenner-Gren symoposia have addressed human bi- appreciation for the rich diversity in internationalbiological ology(e.g.,BakerandWeiner1966),andparticularlythein- anthropology and the development of these varied orienta- terrelationships between biological and cultural adaptation tions and approaches. (e.g., Goodman and Leatherman 1998; Harrison and Boyce The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations 1972;SwedlundandArmelagos1990),andtheriseofgenetic is intended to provide an easily accessible resource to help approachestothediscipline(e.g.,Goodman,Heath,andLin- remedythissituation.ItbuildsonthepriorsuccessofWorld dee 2003; Spuhler 1967). However, the current collection is Anthropologies:DisciplinaryTransformationswithinSystemsof auniqueinitiativeinaddressingboththepastandthepresent Power(RibeiroandEscobar2006),whichgrewoutofa2003 of internationalbiologicalanthropology.Thestrongmessage Wenner-Gren Symposium of the same name, looking at the emerging from these papers is that biological anthropology interconnectedglobalhistoricaltrajectoriesinaspectsofsocial has been entwined with politics throughout its history but anthropology. Papers in the currentsupplementaryissueare hasevolvedinprofoundwaysoverthepastcenturyandcon- writtenbyanthropologists,historiansofscience,andscholars tinuestodoso.Aclearknowledgeofitsvariedinternational ofsciencestudiesandaddresstheinternationaldevelopment historiesisessentialtounderstandingthedilemmasconfront- of the discipline as well as its contemporary condition and ing the modern field and its potential future trajectories. potential future development. The Wenner-Gren Foundation is always looking for in- Papers included in this collection cover the development novative new directions for future Foundation-sponsored and -organized symposium meetings and eventual CA pub- lication. We encourage anthropologists to contact us with Leslie C. Aiello is President of the Wenner-Gren Foundation for AnthropologicalResearch(470ParkAvenueSouth,8thFloorNorth, their ideas for future meetings. InformationabouttheWen- NewYork,NewYork10016,U.S.A.). ner-Gren Foundation and the Symposium program can be (cid:2)2012byTheWenner-GrenFoundationforAnthropologicalResearch.Allrightsreserved.0011-3204/2012/53S5-0001$10.00.DOI:10.1086/663328 S2 CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012 Figure 1. Participants in the symposium “The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and International Networks.” Seated, from left: Joanna Radin, Mike Little, Rachel Watkins, Ricardo VenturaSantos,Susan Lindee,LeslieAiello,LaurieObbink(Wenner-Grenstaff).Standing,fromleft:MorrisLow,ClarkLarsen,Gonc¸aloSantos,Vassiliki BettySmocovitis,AnnKakaliouras,WarwickAnderson,JennyReardon,Gı´sliPa´lsson,JonKyllingstad,TrudyTurner,PerrinSelcer, JonathanMarks,AlanMorris,Jean-Franc¸oisVe´ran,NoelCameron.Notpictured:VeronikaLipphardt.Acolorversionofthisphoto appears in the online edition of Current Anthropology. found on the Foundation’s Website(http://wennergren.org/ Harrison,GeoffreyAinsworth,andAnthonyJ.Boyce,eds.1972.Thestructure ofhumanpopulations.Oxford:Clarendon. programs/international-symposia). Lindee,Susan,andRicardoVenturaSantos.2012.Thebiologicalanthropology of living human populations: world histories, national styles, and inter- nationalnetworks:anintroductiontosupplement5.CurrentAnthropology 53(S5):S3–S16. References Cited Ribeiro,GustavoLins,andArturoEscobar,eds.2006.Worldanthropologies: disciplinary transformations within systems of power. Wenner-Gren Inter- Baker,PaulT.,andJosephS.Weiner,eds.1966.Thebiologyofhumanadapt- nationalSymposiumSeries.Oxford:Berg. ability.Oxford:Clarendon. Spuhler,J.N.,ed.1967.Geneticdiversityandhumanbehavior.VikingFund Goodman,AlanH.,DeborahHeath,andMarySusanLindee.2003.Genetic SeriesinAnthropology,no.45(Wenner-GrenFoundationforAnthropo- nature/culture.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress. logicalResearch).Chicago:Aldine. Goodman,AlanH.,andThomasLeatherman,eds.1998.Buildinganewbio- Swedlund,AlanC.,andGeorgeT.Armelagos,eds.1990.Diseaseinpopulations culturalsynthesis.AnnArbor:UniversityofMichiganPress. intransition.NewYork:Bergin&Garvey. CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012 S3 The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and International Networks An Introduction to Supplement 5 by Susan Lindee and Ricardo Ventura Santos WeintroduceaspecialissueofCurrentAnthropologydevelopedfromaWenner-GrensymposiumheldinTereso´polis, Brazil,in2010thatwasaboutthepast,present,andfutureofbiologicalanthropology.Ourgoalwastounderstand from a comparative international perspective the contexts of genesis and development of physical/biological an- thropologyaroundtheworld.Whilebiologicalanthropologytodaycanencompasspaleoanthropology,primatology, and skeletal biology, our symposium focused on the field’s engagement with living human populations. Bringing togetherscholarsinthehistoryofscience,sciencestudies,andanthropology,theparticipantsexaminedthediscipline’s past in different contexts but also reflected on its contemporary and future conditions. Our contributors explore national histories, collections, and scientific field practice with the goal of developing a broader understanding of the discipline’s history. Our work tracks a global, uneven transition from a typological and essentialist physical anthropology,predominatinguntilthefirstdecadesofthetwentiethcentury,toabiologicalanthropologyinformed bypostsynthesisevolutionismandtheriseofmolecularbiology,ashiftthatwaslabeled“newphysicalanthropology.” We place biological anthropology in a broad historical context and suggest how the histories we document can inform its future. Weopenwithaconsiderationofbeingbothembarrassedand embarrassedaboutit.”Thathistoryisahistory,atleastpartly, pregnant.1Asanyawkwardspeakerofaless-familiarlanguage of ideas about racial difference, which as hisembarrassment knows, some words thatseem thesameacrosslanguagesare suggested produced an emotional state that silenced or ne- infactamusingly(embarrassingly?)different.Oneexampleis gated certain questions.2 theSpanishwordembarazada,whichmeans“pregnant.”Wik- Graduatestudentsofsocialanthropologyaregenerallyex- ipediacallstheword“afalsefriendforEnglish-speakingstu- pectedtoreadtheclassicsofanthropologicalthought—Tylor, dents of Spanish who may attempt to say ‘I’membarrassed’ Morgan, Malinowski, Durkheim, Boas, Rivers,andRadcliffe by saying ‘estoy embarazada.’” Webegantothinkaboutem- Brown—evenifsomeoftheideaspromotedbythesethinkers barrassment—its ironies and its productivity—after the bi- have ceased to be seen as central to the field (Ingold 2002; ological-anthropologist-turned-historian Michael A. Little, Kuklick 2008; Stocking 1968). Social anthropologistsareex- oneofthekeyparticipantsinoursymposium,observedcan- pectedtoknowthehistoryof theirowndiscipline.ButPhD didly during one session that when he first started teaching, studentsinbiologicalanthropologytodayareunlikelytoread “I never talked about the history of my field, because I was 1. Embarasalsohasanevocativearchaicmeaningrelatingtoablocked river, apassage preventedbydebris,orapointatwhichoneisforced Susan Lindee is Professor in the Department of History and toslowdowntonavigatethewater.ItwasanAmericantermforplaces Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania (Suite 303, wherethenavigationofriversisrendereddifficultbytheaccumulation CohenHall,249South36thStreet,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104, ofdriftwood.Likethenineteenth-centuryblockedriver,theembarasthat U.S.A. [[email protected]]). Ricardo Ventura Santos is barredthe passageofnavigationofrivers,embarrassmentisperhapsa pointatwhichoneisforcedtoslowdown,navigate,andthinkcarefully Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the abouthowtomoveforward. NationalMuseum,FederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,andSenior 2. Perhapsembarrassmentisacommonexperienceinanthropology: Researcher at the National Schoolof PublicHealth,OswaldoCruz Clyde Kluckhohn confessed to a “feeling of embarrassment” when he Foundation (Escola Nacional de Sau´de Pu´blica/FIOCRUZ, Rua read the field notes of his student David Schneider, who was working LeopoldoBulho˜es1480,RiodeJaneiro,RJ21041-210,Brazil).This onthe islandsofYapin the 1940s, becausetheyweresopersonaland paperwassubmitted27X10,accepted22IX11,andelectronically confessional (and because Schneider was a remarkably reflexive field- published28II12. worker;seeBashkow1991). (cid:2)2012byTheWenner-GrenFoundationforAnthropologicalResearch.Allrightsreserved.0011-3204/2012/53S5-0002$10.00.DOI:10.1086/663335 S4 CurrentAnthropology Volume53,Supplement5,April2012 theworksofnineteenth-centuryleadersinthefield—suchas inanageofInternalReviewBoards(IRBs),therecalibration Samuel George Morton, Paul Broca, Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, of scientific race,repatriationrights,andmassiveglobalbio- or Rudolph Virchow—or even to read twentieth-century banking systems. physical anthropologists who were influential—such as Alesˇ Thinking about disciplinary embarrassment, we propose Hrdlicˇka,E.A.Hooton,EugenFischer,ArthurKeith,Leonce here,canleadtoaproductiveawarenessofcomplexity,time- Manouvrier, or Rudolf Martin.3 Indeed,anewgraduatestu- scales, and the legacies of social and political order: Little, dent today in biological anthropology is more likely tostart onceembarrassedbythehistoryofhisfield,isnowaskilled withtechnicaltraininginskeletalbiology,moleculargenetics, historian of biological anthropology (Little and Kennedy or forensic science—the laboratory specialties grounded in 2010). And the mistranslation at the English-Spanish inter- experimental technique that have become so central. section,ofembarrassmentinonelanguageandpregnancyin In the United States in recent years, several departments theother,callstomindastateofbothconfusionandincipient of biological anthropology (including Harvard’s) have been birth. We suggest here that the seed of something new is reconstructed as freestanding departments of human evolu- growing, in this case new ways of seeing a history that has tionarybiologynottiedtosocialanthropology,linguistics,or vexedbothhistoriansandpractitioners.Wehopeinthisvol- archaeology—thatis,toanyformsofhumanisticanalysis(al- umetobegintoreconfigurethehistoryofbiologicalanthro- though many others continue to maintainthefour-fieldap- pology as a resource for moving the field forward. proach with varying levels of success and with mixed con- The papers collected in this special issue of Current An- sequences for hiring and training; Borofsky 2005; Calcagno thropologyweredevelopedforaWenner-Grensymposiumthat 2003; Segal and Yanagisako 2005). Thetrainingofbiological was about the past, present,andfutureofbiologicalanthro- anthropologists seems to often involve historical forgetting pology—“The Biological Anthropology of Living Human and little contact with past ideas of the discipline they are Populations: World Histories, National Styles, and Interna- entering. It has been a discipline with a historythatisoften tionalNetworks”—heldinTereso´polis,Brazil,inMarch2010. purposivelydisappeared,forgottenforareason.Asoneofus, Ourgoalwastounderstandfromacomparativeinternational Ricardo Ventura Santos, has recalled,atsomepointseeinga perspectivethecontextsofgenesisanddevelopmentofphys- photoofhimselftakingheadmeasurementsintheearly1990s ical/biologicalanthropologyaroundtheworld.Whilebiolog- withthetechnologiessolongassociatedwithracialnarratives ical anthropology today can encompass paleoanthropology, of difference and pathology became for him,again,“embar- primatology,andskeletalbiology,oursymposiumfocusedon rassing.”4Eveninthearcofhisowncareer,thatofabiological the field’s engagement with living human populations. anthropologistwhowenttoworkinanaturalhistorymuseum Bringing together scholars in history of science, science centrallyconcernedwithhistoryandwhohasbecomedeeply studies,andanthropology,westructuredourdiscussionsnot interested in the history of the field over the past decades, onlytoexaminethediscipline’spastindifferentcontextsbut these simple technologies of human measurement came to alsotoreflectonitscontemporaryandfutureconditions.Our carry a conflicted and charged meaning. contributorshavebeenguidedthroughoutbyanexusofkey Of course, just as the same bones and bloods can move questions about national histories, collections, and scientific throughdifferentcontexts,theirmeaningvarying,theirpower fieldpractice.Particularlyrelevanttouswasthedevelopment changing,sotoothesameactionscanmeandifferentthings: ofabroaderunderstandingofthediscipline’sglobal,uneven Noel Cameron’s uses of human measurement in a birthco- transitionfromatypologicalandessentialistphysicalanthro- hortstudyinpostapartheidSouthAfrica(exploredintheoral pology,predominatinguntilthefirstdecadesofthetwentieth history that closes this volume) demonstrate the point. Se- century, to a biological anthropology informed by postsyn- quencersandcaliperscoexistastoolsofthedisciplinetoday, thesis evolutionismandtheriseofmolecularbiology,ashift and even questions about group differencesworkdifferently that was labeled “new physical anthropology” in a famous 1951 manifesto by Sherwood Washburn (Washburn 1951). Washburn proposed that physical anthropology could now 3. ThisconclusionisbasedonasomewhatinformalsurveyofEnglish- link the evolutionary synthesis to comparative functional languagegraduatesyllabiinphysical/biologicalanthropologypostedon the Web since about 2000. One thingisclear:whatcountsasphysical anatomy.Hepresentedthechangesasrevolutionary,abreak anthropology varies a good deal, with some programs built entirely withanunfortunatepasttaintedbytypologicalracism.Phys- aroundarchaeology, othersfocusedonforensictraining,andmanyon ical anthropology, he said, had to become evolutionary, and humanevolution.ItisnotunusualforGeorgeStockingorStephenJay adaptation,selection,andpopulationbiologyshouldbecome Gouldtobeincludedasassignedreadingingraduatetraining,butreading its central problematic (Haraway 1989). theprimarysourcesintheiroriginalform,withtheexceptionofCharles Darwin,islesscommon. If this transition to a new physicalanthropologyhasbeen 4. ThemeasurementswerepartofarestudyoftheXavanteIndians relatively well described in the cases of North America and fromCentralBrazil(seeCoimbraetal.2002).Theinvestigationattempted ofcertainEuropeancontexts,thesamecouldnotbesaidfor to collect some of the same bioanthropological variables collected by other regions of the world. In some countries, such as the JamesNeelandFranciscoSalzanoin1962inthesamepopulation(Neel UnitedStates,this“newphysicalanthropology”continuedto etal.1964),aimingatstudyinglong-termchangesinhumanbiologyand health. be practiced in anthropology departments, while in other