Cummings Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery FIFTH EDITION Paul W. Flint, M.D. Mark A. Richardson, M.D. Professor and Chair Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Oregon Health and Science University Dean Portland, Oregon School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Bruce H. Haughey, M.B.Ch.B., F.A.C.S., F.R.A.C.S. Portland, Oregon Professor and Director Head and Neck Surgical Oncology K. Thomas Robbins, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director Washington University School of Medicine SimmonsCooper Cancer Institute at Southern Illinois University St. Louis, Missouri Professor Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Valerie J. Lund, C.B.E., M.S., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.Ed. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Professor of Rhinology Springfeld, Illinois University College London Honorary Consultant ENT Surgeon J. Regan Thomas, M.D. Royal National Throat, Nose, and Ear Hospital Francis L. Lederer Professor and Chairman Royal Free Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Moorfelds Eye Hospital University of Illinois at Chicago London, United Kingdom Chicago, Illinois John K. Niparko, M.D. Illustrator: George T. Nager Professor Tim Phelps, M.S., F.A.M.I. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Associate Professor and Medical Illustrator Director Art as Applied to Medicine Divisions of Otology, Neurotology, Skull Base Surgery, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Audiology Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland VOLUME ONE 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd Suite 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 CUMMINGS OTOLARYNGOLOGY–HEAD AND NECK SURGERY ISBN: 978-0-323-05283-2 FIFTH EDITION IE ISBN: 978-0-8089-2434-0 Copyright © 2010, 2005, 1998, 1993, 1986 by Mosby, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). With the exception of any borrowed fgures or tables, all material in Chapter 152 by Larry E. Davis is in the public domain. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this feld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identifed, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cummings otolaryngology–head & neck surgery / [edited by] Paul W. Flint … [et al.] ; illustrator, Tim Phelps.–5th ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Otolaryngology–head & neck surgery / edited by Charles W. Cummings … [et al.]. 4th ed. c2005. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-05283-2 1. Otolaryngology, Operative. I. Flint, Paul W. II Cummings, Charles W. (Charles William). III. Otolaryngology–head & neck surgery. IV. Title: Otolaryngology–head & neck surgery. [DNLM: 1. Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures. WV 168 C971 2010] RF51.086 2010 617.5′1059—dc22 2009010493 Acquisitions Editor: Rebecca S. Gaertner Developmental Editor: Roxanne Halpine Publishing Services Manager: Frank Polizzano Project Management: Rachel Miller, Robin E. Hayward Design Direction: Lou Forgione Marketing Manager: Radha Mawrie Working together to grow libraries in developing countries Printed in China. www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contributors Waleed M. Abuzeid, M.B.B.S. Ronda E. Alexander, M.D. Resident Assistant Professor Department of Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Health System University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Ann Arbor, Michigan Houston, Texas Meredith E. Adams, M.D. Sue Archbold, M.Phil. Fellow CEO Division of Otology and Neurotology The Ear Foundation Department of Otolaryngology Nottingham, United Kingdom University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan William B. Armstrong, M.D. Peter A. Adamson, M.D., F.R.C.S.C., F.A.C.S. DAsespoacritamte nPtr ofe Osstoolraryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Professor and Head University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Irvine, California Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Moisés A. Arriaga, M.D., F.A.C.S. Staff Surgeon Clinical Professor and Director University Health Network Division of Otology and Neuro-otology Toronto General Hospital Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery Toronto, Ontario, Canada Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine at New Orleans Antoine Adenis, M.D., Ph.D. New Orleans, Louisiana Professor of Medical Oncology Director Catholic University Hearing and Balance Center Chief Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Baton Rouge, Louisiana Centre Oscar Lambret Director Lille, France Department of Cochlear Implants and Neurotology Children’s Hospital New Orleans Seth Akst, M.D. New Orleans, Louisiana Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine H. Alexander Arts, M.D. George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Professor Sciences Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery Washington, D.C. University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan Sheri L. Albers, D.O. Fellow Yasmine A. Ashram, M.D., D.A.B.N.M. Pain Management and Spinal Interventional Neuroradiology Assistant Professor University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine Department of Physiology UC San Diego Medical Center University of Alexandria School of Medicine La Jolla, California Surgical Neurophysiologist VA San Diego Medical Center Alexandria University Hospital San Diego, California Alexandria, Egypt David Albert, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.S. Jonathan E. Aviv, M.D., F.A.C.S. Honorary Senior Lecturer Clinical Professor University College London Institute of Child Health Department of Otolaryngology Lead Clinician Mount Sinai School of Medicine ENT Department Clinical Director Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Voice and Swallowing Center London, United Kingdom ENT and Allergy Associates New York, New York E v vi Contributors Nafi Aygun, M.D. Jonathan Z. Baskin, M.D. Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Radiology Department of Otolaryngology Neuroradiology Division Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Section Chief Baltimore, Maryland Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Cleveland VA Medical Center Douglas D. Backous, M.D., F.A.C.S. Attending Physician Director Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Listen For Life Center Cleveland, Ohio Virginia Mason Medical Center Robert W. Bastian, M.D. Seattle, Washington Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Professor Madigan Army Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology Fort Lewis, Washington Loyola University School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Shan R. Baker, M.D. Founder and Director Professor Bastian Voice Institute Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Downers Grove, Illinois University of Michigan Medical School Carol A. Bauer, M.D. Ann Arbor, Michigan Chief Professor of Surgery Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Center for Facial Cosmetic Surgery Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Livonia, Michigan Springfeld, Illinois Thomas J. Balkany, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P. Michael S. Benninger, M.D. Hotchkiss Professor and Chair Professor Department of Otolaryngology Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine Professor of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Chairman Chief of Service Head and Neck Institute Division of Otology The Cleveland Clinic Jackson Memorial Hospital Cleveland, Ohio Miami, Florida Prabhat K. Bhama, M.D. Robert W. Baloh, M.D. Resident and Research Fellow Professor University of Washington Medical Center Department of Neurology and Otolaryngology Seattle, Washington David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Nasir Islam Bhatti, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.R.C.S. Director Neuro-otology Program Associate Professor Department of Neurology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Los Angeles, California Baltimore, Maryland Julie Barkmeier-Kraemer, Ph.D. Andrew Blitzer, M.D., D.D.S. Associate Professor Professor Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences Department of Clinical Otolaryngology University of Arizona College of Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Tucson, Arizona Director New York Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders Fuad M. Baroody, M.D., F.A.C.S. Attending Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center Department of Pediatrics New York, New York University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Simone Boardman, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.S.(OHNS) Chicago, Illinois Great Ormond Street Hospital Nancy L. Bartlett, M.D. London, United Kingdom Professor Emily F. Boss, M.D. Department of Medicine Division of Oncology Assistant Professor Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology Medical Oncologist Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Siteman Cancer Center Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Baltimore, Maryland E Contributors vii Derald E. Brackmann, M.D. J. Dale Browne, M.D, F.A.C.S. Clinical Professor Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Wake Forest University School of Medicine Clinical Professor Winston-Salem, North Carolina Department of Neurological Surgery John M. Buatti, M.D. University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine President Professor and Head House Ear Clinic Department of Radiation Oncology Los Angeles, California University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Carol R. Bradford, M.D., F.A.C.S. Iowa City, Iowa Professor and Chair Luke Buchmann, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Medical School Assistant Professor Ann Arbor, Michigan Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Utah School of Medicine Barton F. Branstetter, IV, M.D. Salt Lake City, Utah Associate Professor Patrick J. Byrne, M.D. Departments of Radiology, Otolaryngology, and Biomedical Informatics Associate Professor University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Director Dermatology Head and Neck Imaging Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Director Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Edward B. Braun, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Professor Gabriel G. Galzada, M.D. Department of Anesthesiology University of Kansas School of Medicine Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology University of Kansas Hospital Kaiser Permanente Kansas City, Kansas Downey, California Robert J. S. Briggs, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.S. John P. Carey, M.D. Clinical Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery Melbourne, Australia Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Hilary A. Brodie, M.D., Ph.D. Margaretha L. Casselbrant, M.D., Ph.D. Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology Eberly Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology UC Davis Medical Center University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Sacramento, California Director Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Carolyn J. Brown, Ph.D. Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Professor Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Paolo Castelnuovo, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Professor Iowa City, Iowa University of Insubria Chairman David J. Brown, M.D. Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology Varese, Italy Medical College of Wisconsin Steven Chang, M.D. Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Kevin D. Brown, M.D., Ph.D. Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Assistant Professor Baltimore, Maryland Department of Otolaryngology Weill Cornell Medical College Assistant Attending Otorhinolaryngologist NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York E viii Contributors Burke E. Chegar, M.D. Richard A. Chole, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical Assistant Professor Lindburg Professor and Head Department of Dermatology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Chief of Staff Director Department of Otolaryngology Center for Facial Plastic Surgery–Head and Neck Surgery Barnes-Jewish Hospital Fayette Regional Health System St. Louis, Missouri Connersville, Indiana James M. Christian, D.D.S., M.B.A. Amy Chen, M.D., M.P.H. Visiting Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Emory School of Medicine Director Atlanta, Georgia Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Eunice Y. Chen, M.D., Ph.D. Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Professor Eugene A. Chu, M.D. Dartmouth Medical School Hanover, New Hampshire Clinical Instructor in Rhinology and Sinus Surgery Pediatric Otolaryngologist Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Lebanon, New Hampshire Baltimore, Maryland Theodore Chen, M.D. Martin J. Citardi, M.D. Department of Head and Neck Surgery Professor and Chair Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Los Angeles, California University of Texas Medical School at Houston Chief Douglas B. Chepeha, M.D., M.P.H. Otorhinolaryngology Associate Professor Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Houston, Texas University of Michigan Medical School Marc A. Cohen, M.D. Director Microvascular Program Resident A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Alice Cheuk, M.D. Savita Collins, M.D. Resident Physician Los Angeles County Hospital and USC Medical Center Physician Los Angeles, California Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology Neil N. Chheda, M.D. South Bend Clinic Assistant Professor South Bend, Indiana Department of Otolaryngology Nancy A. Collop, M.D. Division of Laryngology University of Florida College of Medicine Professor Shands at the University of Florida Department of Medicine Gainesville, Florida Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Wade Chien, M.D. Medical Director Clinical Fellow Sleep Disorders Center Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins Hospital Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins Hospital Philippe Contencin, M.D., Ph.D. Baltimore, Maryland Senior Consultant Sukgi S. Choi, M.D. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Professor Hôpital Necker Departments of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics Paris, France George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Raymond Cook, M.D. Sciences Vice Chief Assistant Professor Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Children’s National Medical Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Washington, D.C. Chapel Hill, North Carolina WakeMed Health and Hospitals Raleigh, North Carolina E Contributors ix Jacquelynne Corey, M.D. Calhoun D. Cunningham, III, M.D. Professor of Surgery Assistant Consulting Professor of Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Division of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Duke University School of Medicine Director Durham, North Carolina ENT Allergy Program Associate Physician University of Chicago Medical Center Carolina Ear and Hearing Clinic Chicago, Illinois Raleigh, North Carolina Robin T. Cotton, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.R.C.S.C Greg E. Davis, M.D., M.P.H. Professor Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati College of Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Director Seattle, Washington Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Larry E. Davis, M.D. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Cincinnati, Ohio Distinguished Professor of Neurology Research Professor Marion Everett Couch, M.D., Ph.D. Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Genetics and Associate Professor Microbiology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of New Mexico School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chief Chapel Hill, North Carolina Neurology Service New Mexico VA Health Care System Mark S. Courey, M.D. Albuquerque, New Mexico Professor Terry A. Day, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director Professor and Clinical Vice Chair Division of Laryngology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina Director Charleston, South Carolina UCSF Voice and Swallowing Center Antonio De la Cruz, M.D. San Francisco, California Clinical Professor Benjamin T. Crane, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Assistant Professor University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology Director of Education University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry House Ear Clinic Department of Otolaryngology Los Angeles, California Strong Memorial Hospital Charles C. Della Santina, M.D., Ph.D. Rochester, New York Associate Professor Roger L. Crumley, M.D. Departments of Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surgery and Professor and Chair Biomedical Engineering Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Vestibular NeuroEngineering Laboratory Orange, California Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Oswaldo Laércio M. Cruz, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Associate Professor and Chief Chadrick Denlinger, M.D. Division of Otology-Neurotology Department of Otolaryngology Assistant Professor Federal University of São Paulo Department of Surgery São Paulo, Brazil Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina Frank Culicchia, M.D. Craig S. Derkay, M.D., F.A.A.P., F.A.C.S. Professor and Chair Department of Neurosurgery Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Vice Chair New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Otolaryngology Eastern Virginia Medical School Charles W. Cummings, M.D. Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology Distinguished Professor Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Norfolk, Virginia Executive Medical Director Rodney C. Diaz, M.D. Johns Hopkins International Baltimore, Maryland Assistant Professor of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery E University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Sacramento, California x Contributors Robert A. Dobie, M.D. Audrey B. Erman, M.D. Professor Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology University of California, Davis, School of Medicine University of Michigan Health System Sacramento, California Ann Arbor, Michigan Suzanne K. Doud Galli, M.D., Ph.D. Samer Fakhri, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology Associate Professor Inova Fairfax Hospital Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Washington, D.C. University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston, Texas Newton O. Duncan, M.D. Carole Fakhry, M.D., M.P.H. Clinical Assistant Professor Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Pediatrics Resident Baylor College of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Attending Surgeon Johns Hopkins Hospital Texas Children’s Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Houston, Texas Edward H. Farrior, M.D. Scott D. Z. Eggers, M.D. Visiting Clinical Associate Professor Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology Department of Neurology University of Virginia School of Medicine Mayo Medical School Charlottesville, Virginia Ann Arbor, Michigan Founder and Physician Associate Farrior Facial Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center Department of Neurology Tampa, Florida Mayo Clinic Richard T. Farrior, M.D. Rochester, Minnesota Boca Grande, Florida Avraham Eisbruch, M.D. Russell A. Faust, M.D., Ph.D. Professor Department of Radiation Oncology Assistant Professor University of Michigan Medical School Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine Associate Chair of Clinical Research Department of Oral Triology, College of Dentistry University of Michigan Health System The Ohio State University Ann Arbor, Michigan Staff Attending Physician Department of Otolaryngology David W. Eisele, M.D., F.A.C.S. Nationwide Children’s Hospital Professor and Chair Columbus, Ohio Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Berrylin J. Ferguson, M.D. University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine San Francisco, California Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology Hussam K. El-Kashlan, M.D. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Associate Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology Division of Sino-Nasal Disorders and Allergy University of Michigan Medical School University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Medical Director Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Vestibular Testing Center Paul W. Flint, M.D. University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Ravindhra G. Elluru, M.D., Ph.D. Oregon Health and Science University Associate Professor Portland, Oregon Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Howard W. Francis, M.D. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Associate Professor Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Residency Program Director Cincinnati, Ohio Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Kevin H. Ende, M.D. Baltimore, Maryland Clinical Instructor Marvin P. Fried, M.D. Plastic Surgery and Facial Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Professor and University Chairman San Francisco, California Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Montefore Medical Center Bronx, New York E Contributors xi David R. Friedland, M.D., Ph.D. Norman N. Ge, M.D., M.S.E.E., F.A.C.S. Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences Department of Otolaryngology Chief University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Division of Otology and Neuro-otologic Skull Base Surgery Orange, California Medical College of Wisconsin Chief Milwaukee, Wisconsin Department of Head and Neck Surgery VA Long Beach Healthcare System Oren Friedman, M.D. Long Beach, California Assistant Professor M. Boyd Gillespie, M.D., M.S. Department of Otolaryngology Mayo Medical School Associate Professor Director Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Mayo Clinic Charleston, South Carolina Rochester, Minnesota Douglas A. Girod, M.D., F.A.C.S. John L. Frodel, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and Russell E. Bridwell Chair Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs Temple University School of Medicine University of Kansas School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Kansas of Medical Center Associate Kansas City, Kansas Geisinger Medical Center George S. Goding, Jr., M.D. Danville, Pennsylvania Associate Professor Gerry F. Funk, M.D., F.A.C.S. Department of Otolaryngology Professor University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Faculty University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Department of Otolaryngology Director Hennepin County Medical Center Division of Head and Neck Oncology Minneapolis, Minnesota University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Andrew N. Goldberg, M.D., F.A.C.S. Iowa City, Iowa Professor Bruce J. Gantz, M.D. Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Professor Neurological Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Director Head Rhinology and Sinus Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery UCSF Medical Center University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics San Francisco, California Iowa City, Iowa David Goldenberg, M.D. C. Gaelyn Garrett, M.D. Associate Professor Professor Department of Surgery Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Medical Director Penn State University College of Medicine Vanderbilt Voice Center Director Nashville, Tennessee Head and Neck Surgery Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Jackie Gartner-Schmidt, Ph.D. Director Assistant Professor Head and Neck Cancer Program Department of Otolaryngology Penn State Cancer Institute University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Hershey, Pennsylvania Associate Director Daniel O. Graney, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh Voice Center UPMC Mercy Hospital Professor Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Biological Structure University of Washington School of Medicine William Donald Gay, D.D.S. Seattle, Washington Hawes Professor of Maxillofacial Prosthetics (retired) Nazaneen N. Grant, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Assistant Professor Attending Dentist Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Barnes Hospital Georgetown University School of Medicine and Health Sciences St. Louis, Missouri Georgetown University Hospital Washington, D.C. E