This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. CULTURE COUNTS A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Second Edition Serena Nanda John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York Richard L. 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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 Dedication To the grandchildren: Alexander, Adriana, Charlotte, Kai, and Waverly. —SN— To my professors at Bates College and Syracuse University, particularly George Fetter, Deborah Pellow, and Michael Freedman. —RW— B R I E F C O N T E N T S 1 10 CHAPTER CHAPTER What Is Anthropology and Why StratIfication: class, Race, Ethnicity, Should I Care? 1 and caste 229 2 11 CHAPTER CHAPTER Culture Counts 23 Religion 255 3 12 CHAPTER CHAPTER Doing Cultural Anthropology 47 Power, Conquest, and a World System 281 4 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER Communication 73 Globalization and Change 305 5 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER Making a Living 99 anthropology makes a 6 difference 331 CHAPTER Economics 125 Glossary 355 7 CHAPTER References 363 Marriage, Family, and Kinship 151 8 Photo Credits 383 CHAPTER Sex and Gender 179 Index 384 9 CHAPTER Political Organization 203 iv F E AT U R E S C O N T E N T S FROM THE FIELD BRINGING IT BACK HOME Anthropology and Homelessness 18 The Nacirema 2 Yes, but Is It Science? 43 Autism and Culture 24 Anthropologists and Human Rights 69 Anger Management in Indonesia 48 English Only 95 Inner-City Ebonics 74 Globalization and Food Choice 120 Where Have All the Icebergs Gone? 100 Product Anthropology 147 Ultimate Dictator 126 Polygamy in the United States 174 A Society without Marriage: The Na of China 152 Female Genital Operations and International Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India 180 Human Rights 200 Nationalism and Ethnic Confl ict: Turkey Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors? 224 and the Armenians 204 Government Responsibility versus Trouble in Paradise 230 the Gospel of Wealth 250 Cargo Cults 256 Religion, Art, and Censorship 278 Veterans of Colonial Armies 282 Charter Cities 302 Global Poverty 306 How Flat Is Your World? 326 The Chagossians and Diego Garcia 332 Culture, the Cultural Defense, and Domestic Violence 352 v D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S 1 CHAPTER What Is Anthropology and Why Should I Care? 1 The Nacirema 2 Specialization in Anthropology 7 ■ Cultural Anthropology 7 ■ Archaeology 9 ■ Anthropological Linguistics 10 ■ Physical or Biological Anthropology 11 ■ Applied Anthropology 12 Anthropology and “Race” 13 Why Study Anthropology? 14 Bringing It Back Home: Anthropology and Homelessness 18 ■ You Decide 19 ■ Chapter Summary 20 ■ Key Terms 20 2 CHAPTER Culture Counts 23 Autism and Culture 24 Culture Is Made Up of Learned Behaviors 26 Culture Is the Way Humans Use Symbols to Organize and Give Meaning to the World 29 Culture Is an Integrated System—Or Is It? 32 Culture Is a Shared System of Norms and Values—Or Is It? 34 Culture Is the Way Human Beings Adapt to the World 37 vi Detailed Contents vii Culture Is Constantly Changing 39 Culture Counts 42 Bringing It Back Home: Yes, but Is It Science? 43 ■ You Decide 44 ■ Chapter Summary 44 ■ Key Terms 45 3 CHAPTER Doing Cultural Anthropology 47 Anger Management in Indonesia 48 A Little History 50 ■ Franz Boas and American Anthropology 51 ■ From Haddon to Malinowski in England and the Commonwealth 53 Anthropological Techniques 54 ■ Ethnographic Data and Cross-Cultural Comparisons 57 Changing Directions and Critical Issues in Ethnography 58 ■ Feminist Anthropology 58 ■ Postmodernism 59 ■ Engaged and Collaborative Ethnography 61 ■ Studying One’s Own Society 61 Ethical Considerations in Fieldwork 63 ■ Anthropology and the Military 65 New Roles for the Ethnographer 67 Bringing It Back Home: Anthropologists and Human Rights 69 ■ You Decide 70 ■ Chapter Summary 70 ■ Key Terms 71 4 CHAPTER Communication 73 Inner-City Ebonics 74 The Origins and Characteristics of Human Language 77 The Structure of Language 79 Language and Culture 82 ■ Language and Social Stratifi cation 84 ■ The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 86 viii Detailed Contents Nonverbal Communication 88 Language Change 90 ■ Language and Culture Contact 92 ■ Tracing Relationships among Languages 93 Bringing It Back Home: English Only 95 ■ You Decide 95 ■ Chapter Summary 96 ■ Key Terms 97 5 CHAPTER Making a Living 99 Where Have All the Icebergs Gone? 100 Human Adaptation and the Environment 102 Major Types of Subsistence Strategies 104 ■ Foraging 105 ■ Pastoralism 108 ■ Horticulture 111 ■ Agriculture 114 ■ Industrialism 116 The Global Marketplace 120 Bringing It Back Home: Globalization and Food Choice 120 ■ You Decide 121 ■ Chapter Summary 122 ■ Key Terms 123 6 CHAPTER Economics 125 Ultimate Dictator 126 Economic Behavior 127 Allocating Resources 129 Organizing Labor 132 ■ Specialization in Complex Societies 133 Distribution: Systems of Exchange and Consumption 134 ■ Reciprocity 135 ■ Redistribution 137