© OVO NAS LAGE E Cultural Landscape Report: Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, 2 _ . Ganado, Arizona ' ' , . by. oe | ae Peggy Froeschauer-Nelson .C ES” EAE LW,S r : pert: Me # eeeeeee eeeS CULTURAL RESOURCES SELECTIONS _ Intermountain Region National Park Service 000-0084 : 94 )hlF BEST COPY AVAILABLE ’ , . rd ' 7 . e \ \ \ A } | : ioe . * | | Pd . Bes A / ae! By , ne" SORE; jeb at . \) i 4 * ¢ cae ' * a 4 , ¥ e co ei iia |‘ ald Ss # ‘ | ’ : é { + * Lie ’ : : af t . : ‘ . { : | : ; . a4 « j es ans nes Ay m el tn —-e + ehaebeeee chesyhea ?t lesgi An Sao peanied . e . . ‘ . ’ . ‘ . af * . . . . ‘. . . . ‘ : . , .. ~ i - - , ° é ° . * ° . 5 ¥5: 4 Ray ~, , . “ . bd Re .- “~- ° nal ; *-* %./ . . . . . ® a . ° - ° . “ . > *- - . ‘ . ° . » * e - . * a . : ad . ° | . ae: ad - s* > e d , - . ‘“ ? . - - . ‘ . 4 e ‘ : " i ° : a ae - ie * qn4- ine ° + see ~ ¢.* e . % . . sal ¥ — ee we. e we ° ¢ i. . i FS b . J . ¢ — ~* & a + ween ‘ ; . . in ‘ pa Yi aera ae ee —_ & - ; ‘ o 4* <@ a 46 a.ys oe o° r7 8 : . ‘ , a” . -a ‘ . S .&a ‘ ~~ B¥e Ne : . = . me =& ‘ . < b—e ‘ qy : , ay . “f . . = &M. x :R y : . : , . 4 . . : . Pay My ’ se; t Ye e P : . -é e ay ° . ‘ . ; . - " ¥, ° - e . an) ets ¥ . ‘~ . . 7 i - eee ” oe se OM ieee se g: <~.~ :;. ? » . ; . ‘ il , . :Ms, bd é " eae 7 . ' &y , . > . bd , . . ‘ Fy 4 gr 38 « “2 . pa m $ ° w } ‘ a - x ; ‘ . 4 . Ae ss . Pa : *, ‘ . ee . . ‘ , e>d 4 . + ° bd . , ‘ . ‘ . ‘ . . e ~ 2 53 , ’ ‘ 7 ¢ ie a e a ‘ ‘ é . ° : =. « x : ; . ar . ‘ . ad" é . in . - if : , “« < ty ‘ » » . . x . . . : . . ~ an : ery . . ‘ ‘ i . * . _ 7. m= ca- l % ~ " i . . ’ } #: ‘ - ; : “ é 4:t . s Ay | ‘ . ?, v8 i ‘ s*“ Aes i 4 ad =: 4 " : ’ . - ‘ ‘ x © ° . — - . ¥ = j é . Py . . &| , *- re . * ® ad. - ¥/ bd ¢ : ° hs: act ; . - 5, - . . be ‘ if ‘ e . ‘ $ ‘ Ba ES: - f $3 : B; oy k “ ‘ . f¢a e ‘ 4 f94 "9= r> e e sf o * ° * ad . ex . . F . ye = - ree F| yoy . + ¢ sa 4 " * e a| ne a iy *, _ . . . > Bs= * oe re - of . bs x « . . . ‘ . x . . - ?a x os . ’ ° . ‘ e ‘ . - 7 ‘ : ¢ e + . % e F3 oes >e e= ‘i o . a ‘g - r = . be d E ; wbei ag i ; . Ss :. ose es < me ~ wm se + wrt 5 Mey - ~ 4 ¥% - . ra) . “~ é : ed ° - 4: s . y 5 ® . * é P . $3 " ' 4 : s § és 3 . : < .° ee $ : : ¢ . £ a a ° * . Pan ‘ - : ¢ 2 : -. . 3 “4 pe ‘ * . PBsf eF yek e « % - : : s : a , s ° * aad ” Pt nea . * “ ; é . ets ‘. ett - * be * . ‘ eaters — Saetchieienathiadied _ ee “eres ee ar _ _ “er ee a Or Pat a5; ‘ . $ . - . 3 - ri . bd ¢ . r . pi om - ee ? od * ‘7 . r ~ 3 bf . ‘ a RTimiene e ,y * s S . id . CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT FOR HUBBELL TRADING POST NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE GANADO, ARIZONA by Peggy Froeschauer-Nelson U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Intermountain Region Intermountain Support Office — Santa Fe Cultural and National Register Programs Santa Fe, New Mexico 1998 ; Mission: As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has 7 responsibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering wise use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Bat Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and wortok asssur e that their ; : develoips mine thne tbes t interests of all our people. The department also promotthee gosal s Be 4 of the Take Pride in American campaign by encouraging stewardship and citizen ae responsihiiity for the public lands and promoting citizen participation in their care. The : Department also ias a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and a for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration. NPS-D-50. Cover Iustration: Kendering of Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site as it appeared in 1931. 4 FOREWORD One of the most significant and interesting manifestations of cultural interaction in the Soutish thwe teradsing tpo st. Perhaps, the best way to understand how a trading post works | is to study its cultural landscape. Therefore, I am pleased to present this analysis of Hubbell 4 Trading Post's cultural landscape, in our occasional publication series on the cultural heritage a of the Intermountain Region. The past several years have witnessed an increased recognition of the value of cultural landscapes and a growing awareness of the benefits of using a landscape approach in historical research and analysis. Using such an approach not only enables one to take a comprehensive look at changes in the landscape but also to consider both natural and cultural resource systems — how people influence and are influenced by their surroundings as they endow meaning and value on a place over time. The nationally significant, rural vernacular landscape of Hubbell Trading Post comprises one of the most complete assemblages of landscape resources associated with an early Navajo trading post and Euroamerican agricultural homestead. Through its continuum of use over the past 94 years, Hubbell Trading Post and its landscape serve as an example of the settlement and developmental history of both the Southwestern United States and the Navajo Nation. The intent of the Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site Cultural Landscape Report is to document past land use and record existing landscape conditions associated with John Lorenzo Hubbell's trading post, home site, and farming operation in Ganado, Arizona. This study does not address nor does it attempt to provide recommendations for the park’s ethnographic landscape resources. A separate study will be conducted in the future to address the potential ethnographic significance of lands within the park as they fit into the context of the much larger Navajo ethnographic landscape. This report's integrated, in-depth research, analysis, and evaluation of the natural and cultural resources that make up the Hubbell landscape; detailed treatment recommendations; and development alternatives will be used by park resource management, planning, and interpretive programs into the future to ensure that the integrity of the landscape is preserved. The Report also serves as an excellent example of this relatively new type of study designed to provide a comprehensive and integrated understanding of significant cultural landscapes. —~\ec # ane John E. Cook Regional Director Intermountain Regi \n ii BEST COPY AVAILABLE 3 re ee(eimR SonMuo soa A e mancsincescint. agai et s 4 ‘i; _ . —- 4 ee ee F * . - a J é : ~ A ‘ ;/ : a? r> y a 7 + i m4 ;: . : ; + z $ ‘ E :: ‘ ' gBye s. t‘ ? j - aG ‘ 4 tf s ; ; / % ; ; ‘. ' ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report ‘vas completed with the assistance of several individuals. I wish to thank the staff at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site for their assistance, cooperation, and interest in this project. Special thanks are extended to Superintendent Wyatt for his continued support and encouragement. Numerous staff members at the Southwest Regional Office who shared their project files and working knowledge of both the site and the immediate area are thanked for making my job somewhat easier, especially Jim Bradford and Jake Ivey. Catherine Colby, Karen Lewis, and BPW Engineers of Albuquerque provided assistance in the preparation of sketches and other graphics used in this report. Stella Moya provided invaluable assistance to the author with regard to formatting the report. Jim Bradford is thanked for assisting with the preparation of the text for the regional context — prehistoric period section. This report would not have been possible without the stories, recollections, and photographs that were compiled by the Hubbell family and the early park staff members suci: <c Navid Brugge and Roberta Tso with the assistance of the Navajo Peopie and others who lives, worked and traded in and around the Navajo Reservation. Others who provided valuable assistance to the author include the numerous historians, archivists, and fellow researchers from the numerous repositories visited or consulted via phone or mail. Their guidance proved most helpful. Finally, a special thank you to the reviewers who provided their encouragement, time, ideas and suggestions for improving this report and did so on very short notice and to Superintendent Nancy Stone for her continued patience as the document was being finalized. +t‘ eesr s e 1a 5“Pneai Aee_tUes eKU s : eR aIe ABSTRACT The purpose of this project was to examine the 160 acre tract of land that comprises the Hubbell Trading Post property in order to document both historic and contemporary land use and condition. The goal of the project was to use an integrated approach to evaluate the myriad natural and cultural resources that make uf a cultural landscape. These resources include native and introduced flora and fauna, geology and hydrology as well as historic architecture, archeology, histori: collections (archival and curatorial objects) and of course, landscape resources. The resulting study provides design guidelines and recommendations for the treatment end management of the cultural landscape in addition to an expanded information base that may be used to supplementthe park’s existing interpretive progrars . The project entailed both archival and field research and the use of the park’s extensive collection of oral histories which resulted in the documentation of existing landscape elements such as conteraporary vegetation patterns, fence and irrigation lines, buildings and structures, and other lar.dccape components such as circulation patterns, etc. An analysis and assessment of the data collected is presented in the final report along with a chronological series of overiays that detail the changes in the landscape from circa 1870 to the presendaty . ; | | i ’i i ; TABLE OF CONTENTS EAD io 6-4 0 wn bn co abe 00.0 ohh 40h eka 644042 49+ dpe REIL vv cece ccctcccrececevceicsecesbcacbtcbewehe eance s v SI, OR anos 6 wb 0 04 6 OA 4S aba eds 8 wed beh aoe vi LIST OF FIGURES ............... ne pees oe O04 O06 £4 ko b4EaS OS xi Ee Ge A kos 6 cnnccunescscinccctchabeesa dSypRskAek s xiv MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ......c.ece. cec.e c.e ce.ce .cec.e .ete.tec.ere cs 1 ADMINISTRATIVE DATA ............. toe lS SR MS OSG a BPS es en eens PROJECT AREA DESCRIPTION .....0. .cece. cec.e c.ece. cec.e e.e eee es 2 ee es cas ek edie speeds iecess pnd nedebesbclssis 5 POL AIMED BUD occ ccc ccc cc ccccstcccerewewebeteoosecves 7 EL: 6. 9 ph VA4 a i bd US vans 90 oo 08 4k cuban edb eres eee 9 ; ON aa iA boa ke kati is se cinsndccs cceassi hasan nial 11 PHYSIOGRAPHIC CONTEXT ....cc. cece. ce.ce .cece. ec e.cce.ccec es 11 SS MANNE 0 0 kia k.nvcg we 50-40 vibbecvhog sR hacen Obese bieas 13 Prehistoiic and Proto-Historic Periods ..............00ceceeeeceees 13 SEN SOE ia icc cc ck cece kccecte scans sbeueeestosanté 16 American Military Frontier ........0.c ce.e .eee. c.ece. ee.e .ee e 19 Establishment of the Navajo Reservation and the Fg TOE eT TET TU LET CEPE Ee POT OTe EPT eT 21 Late 19th and Early 20th Century Development of Arizona Territory ... .29 Comparative Summary of Other Hubbell Trading Post and Homestead . . .30 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE HISTORY OF THE HUBBELL TRADING POST Ne tg | | Ree er renee TTT ST TORE TTT reer TT Perea 31 Sy CID ooo 0 0.006 0h0 0 0s Fs 8 biesn eh Pe eee HA 8400 1 60 31 Expansion and Development of the Ganado Trading Post (1878 - 1894) .34 Zenith Period of the Hubbell Trading Post and Farm (1895-1922)....... 41 Decline of the Hubbell Trading Post and Farm (1923 -1967)........... 57 Hubbell Trading Post as Post Office for Community ................. 67 EXISTING CONDITIONS occ ccc cscccscocdescevcceesessevseescewpesss a d6 9 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION AND EXISTING PATTERNS OF LAND USE .. . .70 kt PEVITTECEeTt PeEo EeER TeIrT EeiS .ee e 73