By Kumar Pushkar & Dr. A. P. Singh 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234 1122334455667788990011223344H556677i88g9900h112233l44i55g6677h8899t0011s221122334455667788990011223344 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234 ● Specific Mezzotint ● Comprehensive Points (Exam-oriented) ● Topicwise Questions–Answers ● Previous years’ questions and their answers at the end of each topic ● Clear-cut Exemplifications ● Down-to-earth Points ● Enticing Illustrations with description ● Distinct Tables ● Modern Scientific Approach UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA–2 © Publishers Publishers UPKAR PRAKASHAN (An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company) 2/11A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA–282 002 Phone : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101 Fax : (0562) 4053330, 4031570 E-mail : [email protected], Website : www.upkar.in Branch Offices : 4845, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Pirmohani Chowk, 1-8-1/B, R.R. Complex (Near Sundaraiah New Delhi—110 002 Kadamkuan, Park, Adjacent to Manasa Enclave Gate), Phone : 011–23251844/66 Patna—800 003 Bagh Lingampally, Phone : 0612–2673340 Hyderabad—500 044 (A.P.) Phone : 040–66753330 28, Chowdhury Lane, Shyam B-33, Blunt Square, Kanpur Bazar, Near Metro Station, Taxi Stand Lane, Mawaiya, Gate No. 4 Lucknow—226 004 (U.P.) Kolkata—700004 (W.B.) Phone : 0522–4109080 Phone : 033–25551510 ● The publishers have taken all possible precautions in publishing this book, yet if any mistake has crept in, the publishers shall not be responsible for the same. ● This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form by Photographic, Mechanical, or any other method, for any use, without written permission from the Publishers. ● Only the courts at Agra shall have the jurisdiction for any legal dispute. ISBN : 978-81-7482-423-3 Price : 680·00 (Rs. Six Hundred Eighty Only) Code No. 317 Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye-pass, AGRA About the Author Kumar Pushkar is time-tested cyto-geneticist, possessing a mental make up commensurate with needs of hour of information and technology in his subject. The brilliant academic record is his proud possession. To his credit he is NET qualified and is consultant-counsellor of genetics and its related revelations as off shoots of latest biotechnology. Mr. Pushkar is a celebrated freelance writer of various books on CSIR- UGC NET/JRF for Life Sciences and on premedical examinations of various Indian states. His book on CSIR-UGC NET/JRF/SET of Life Sciences and ‘Comprehensive Botany’ have become the choice book for concerned aspirants. He has an abiding interest in writing articles on biology for various Indian magazines. The present book CSIR-UGC NET/JRF/SET Life Sciences is a collection of breath-taking technological advances. I trust this book will fulfil all the requirements of CSIR-UGC NET/JRF/SET aspirants. On all hands keep unswerving loyalty in this book and achieve your goal. CONTENTS ● Solved Papers Part ‘A’ General Aptitude 1–120 Part ‘B’ and ‘C’ 1. Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Bonds……………………………………………...…… 3–7 2. Carbohydrates……………………………………………………………………………… 8–17 3. Fat Metabolism………………………………………………………………………...… 18–26 4. Proteins : Structure, Classification and Properties………………………………………… 27–38 5. Vitamins…………………………………………………………………………………. 39–44 6. Nitrogen Metabolism……………………………………………………………….. 45–56 7. Enzymes…………………………………………………………………………… 57–61 8. Principles of Bioenergetics………………………………………………………….. 62–75 9. Biochemical Chemistry (pH and Buffers)……………………………………………. 76–79 10. Plasma Membrane………………………………………………………………….. 80–87 11. Structural Organization of Cell Organelles…………………………………………… 88–115 12. Organization of Chromosomes……………………………………………………… 116–127 13. Cell Cycle and Mitosis……………………………………………………………… 128–133 14. Cell Division (Meiosis)………………………………………………………………134–139 15. Bacterial Structure, Function, Production and Recombination………………………….. 140–152 16. Protein Synthesis and Processing ……………………………………………………….. 153–157 17. Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes…………………………..……………… 158–164 18. Host-Parasite Interaction………………………………………………………………… 165–168 19. Cell Signalling…………………………………………………………………………… 169–171 20. Cellular Communication…………………………………………………………………. 172–174 ( viii ) 21. Cancer : Characteristics, Causes and Prevention………………………………………… 175–180 22. Immune System………………………………………………………………………….. 181–198 23. Human Male and Female Reproductive System………………………………………… 199–206 24. Basic Concept of Development………………………………………………………….. 207–209 25. Basic Concept of Development : Stem Cell……………………………………………... 210–212 26. Gametogenesis in Human………………………………………………………………… 213–217 27. Double Fertilization (Endosperm)……………………………………………………….. 218–222 28. Seed : Development and Germination…………………………………………………… 223–229 29. Cell Aggregation and Differentiation in Dictyostelium…………………………………. 230–235 30. Molecular Genetics and Pattern Formation in Drosophila……………………………… 236–239 31. Sex Determination……………………………………………………………………….. 240–243 32. Organisation of Shoot and Root Apex…………………………………………………… 244–250 33. Leaf : Types, Modification, Phyllotaxy and Development……………………………… 251–256 34. Levels of Structural Organisation (Body Tissues and Organisation)……………………. 257–259 35. Programmed Cell Death ………………………………………………………………… 260–262 36. Aging and Senescence…………………………………………………………………… 263–266 37. Photosynthesis…………………………………………………………………………… 267–278 38. Nitrogen Metabolism…………………………………………………………………….. 279–282 39. Plant Growth Hormones…………………………………………………………………. 283–287 40. Cellular Respiration……………………………………………………………………… 288–294 41. Phytochrome, Cryptochrome, Phototropins and Photoperiodism……………………….. 295–298 42. Translocation of Organic Solutes………………………………………………………… 299–302 43. Transpiration…………………………………………………………………………….. 303–306 44. Secondary Metabolites…………………………………………………………………… 307–309 45. Stress Physiology : Abiotic Stress ………………………………………………………. 310–312 46. Human Blood……………………………………………………………………………. 313–326 47. Blood Clotting Mechanism……………………………………………………………… 327–337 48. Human Circulatory System……………………………………………………………… 338–347 49. Nervous System………………………………………………………………………….. 348–359 50. The Ear…………………………………………………………………………………… 360–364 51. The Eyes………………………………………………………………………………….. 365–371 52. Human Excretory (Urinary) System……………………………………………………… 372–376 53. Thermoregulation………………………………………………………………………… 377–380 54. Nutrition………………………………………………………………………………….. 381–394 55. Physiology of Digestion………………………………………………………………….. 395–406 56. Lymphatic System………………………………………………………………………… 407–414 ( ix ) 57. Endocrine System………………………………………………………………………… 415–424 58. Fasciola : Life Cycle……………………………………………………………………... 425–429 59. Ascaris : Reproduction and Life Cycle…………………………………………………… 430–436 60. Plasmodium (Malarial Parasite)………………………………………………………….. 437–445 61. Leishmania Donovani (Kala-Azar)………………………………………………………. 446–451 62. Filariasis (Wuchereria Bancrofti)………………………………………………………… 452–455 63. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)…………………………………………………… 456–463 64. Communicable Diseases and Control of Microbes………………………………………. 464–471 65. Mendelian Principles……………………………………………………………………... 472–487 66. Gene Control……………………………………………………………………………… 488–490 67. Quantitative Inheritance………………………………………………………………….. 491–497 68. Gene Mapping Method…………………………………………………………………… 498–502 69. Human Genetics………………………………………………………………………….. 503–510 70. Mutation (Gene Mutation, Induction of Mutation)………………………………………. 511–517 71. Chromosomal Aberrations ………………………………………………………………. 518–526 72. General Principles of Taxonomy………………………………………………………… 527–533 73. Plant Systematics………………………………………………………………………… 534–539 74. Pesticide : Uses, Advantages, Hazards and Biological Control………………………….. 540–546 75. Distribution of Conifers in India…………………………………………………………. 547–550 76. Biosphere (Atmosphere, Lithosphere and Hydrosphere)………………………………… 551–555 77. Plant Population Dynamics ……………………………………………………………… 556–560 78. Ecosystem………………………………………………………………………………… 561–566 79. Ecological (Biological) Indicators……………………………………………………….. 567–568 80. The Community………………………………………………………………………….. 569–574 81. Edaphic Factor…………………………………………………………………………… 575–580 82. Ecological Succession (Hydrosere)………………………………………………………. 581–583 83. Geographical Distribution of Gymnosperm……………………………………………… 584–586 84. Biodiversity………………………………………………………………………………. 587–595 85. Plant Breeding (Heterosis and Breeding)………………………………………………… 596–603 86. Environmental Pollution…………………………………………………………………. 604–610 87. Bioremediation…………………………………………………………………………… 611–613 88. Biosensors………………………………………………………………………………… 614–616 89. Origin of Life…………………………………………………………………………….. 617–623 90. Theories of Organic Evolution…………………………………………………………… 624–637 91. Mechanism of Evolution…………………………………………………………………. 638–640 92. Animal Behaviour………………………………………………………………………… 641–644 ( x ) 93. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA………………………………………………….. 645–646 94. Bacterial Artificial Chromosome………………………………………………………… 647–648 95. Electrocardiography……………………………………………………………………… 649–650 96. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism……………………………………...……… 651–653 97. Microbial Fermentation…………………………………………………………………… 654–656 98. Cell Culture………………………………………………………………………………. 657–660 99. Transgenic Organisms……………………………………………………………………. 661–664 100. Genomics……………………………………………………………………….………… 665–667 101. Microscopy……………………………………………………………………………….. 668–672 ● Solved Model Papers (Objective Type)…………………………………………….….. 1–56 GENERAL INFORMATION EXAM SCHEME sheet) shall be distributed at the scheduled time of the Exam. TIME : 3 HOURS MAX. MARKS : 200 Single Paper Test having Multiple Choice SYLLABUS Questions (MCQs) is divided in three parts— Part 'A' Part 'A' This part shall carry 20 questions pertaining to This part shall carry 20 questions pertaining General aptitude with emphasis on logical to General aptitude with emphasis on logical reasoning graphical analysis, analytical and reasoning graphical analysis, analytical and numerical ability, quantitative comparisons, numerical ability, quantitative comparisons, series formation, puzzles etc. The candidates series formation, puzzles etc. The candidates shall be required to answer any 15 questions. shall be required to answer any 15 questions. Each question shall be of two marks. The total Each question shall be of two marks. The marks allocated to this section shall be 30 out total marks allocated to this section shall be of 200. 30 out of 200. (Common Syllabus for Part B & C) Part 'B' 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant This part shall contain 50 Multiple Choice to Biology Questions(MCQs) generally covering the 2. Cellular Organization topics given in the syllabus. A candidate shall 3. Fundamental Processes be required to answer any 35 questions. Each 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signalling question shall be of two marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 70 out 5. Developmental Biology of 200. 6. System Physiology – Plant 7. System Physiology – Animal Part 'C' 8. Inheritance Biology This part shall contain 75 questions that are 9. Diversity of Life Forms designed to test a candidate's knowledge of 10. Ecological Principles scientific concepts and/or application of the 11. Evolution and Behavior scientific concepts. The questions shall be of 12. Applied Biology analytical nature where a candidate is 13. Methods in Biology. expected to apply the scientific knowledge to arrive at the solution to the given scientific 1. MOLECULES AND THEIR INTER- problem. A candidate shall be required to ACTION RELEVANT TO BIOLOGY answer any 25 questions. Each question shall A. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical be of four marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 100 out of 200. bonds. There will be negative marking @25% for B. Composition, structure and function of each wrong answer. biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, To enable the candidates to go through the nucleic acids and vitamins). questions, the question paper booklet shall be C. Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, distributed 15 minute before the scheduled electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic time of the Exam. The answer sheet (OMR interaction, etc.). ( xii ) D. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, B. RNA synthesis and processing : buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, Transcription factors and machinery, colligative properties). formation of initiation complex, transcription E. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phospho- activators and repressors, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and termination, RNA rylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, processing, RNA editing, splicing, biological energy transducers. polyadenylation, structure and function of F. Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme different types of RNA, RNA transport. kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of C. Protein synthesis and processing : enzyme catalysis, isozymes. Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, G. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran initiation factors and their regulation, plot, secondary structure; domains; motif and elongation and elongation factors, folds). termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of H. Conformation of nucleic acids helix (A-, B-, tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA Z-), t-RNA, micro-RNA). synthetase, translational proof-reading, I. Stability of proteins and nucleic acids. translational inhibitors, post-translational J. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino modification of proteins. D. Control of gene expression at transcription acids, nucleotides and vitamins. and translation level : Regulating the 2. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and A. Membrane structure and function : eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer expression and gene silencing. and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion 4. CELL COMMUNICATION AND channels, active transport, membrane pumps, CELL SIGNALLING mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of A. Host parasite interaction : Recognition and membranes. entry processes of different pathogens like B. Structural organization and function of bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host intracellular organelles : Cell wall, nucleus, cells, alteration of host cell behaviour by mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and cytoskeleton and its role in motility. abnormal cells. C. Organization of genes and chromosomes : B. Cell signalling : Hormones and their Operon, interrupted genes, gene families, receptors, cell surface receptor, signalling structure of chromatin and chromosomes, through G-protein coupled receptors, signal unique and repetitive DNA, heterochromatin, transduction pathways, second messengers, euchromatin, transposons. regulation of signalling pathways, bacterial D. Cell division and cell cycle : Mitosis and and plant two-component systems, light meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, signalling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and regulation and control of cell cycle. quorum sensing. E. Microbial physiology : Growth, yield and C. Cellular communication : Regulation of characteristics, strategies of cell division, hematopoiesis, general principles of cell stress response. communication, cell adhesion and roles of 3. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotrans- A. DNAreplication,repairandrecombination: mission and its regulation. Unit of replication, enzymes involved, repli- cation origin and replication fork, fidelity of D. Cancer : Genetic rearrangements in replication, extrachromosomal replicons, progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor DNA damage and repair mechanisms, genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced homologous and site-specific recombination. cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells