Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology Applications Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected]) Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology Applications Edited by Gulshan Shrivastava National Institute of Technology Patna, India Dac-Nhuong Le Haiphong University, Haiphong, Vietnam Kavita Sharma National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com. All rights reserved. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-62116-4 Cover image: Pixabay.Com Cover design by Russell Richardson Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines Printed in the USA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to our friends and family for their constant support during the course of this book Contents List of Figures xv List of Tables xix Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxix Acronyms xxxi Part I Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology 1 Blockchain: A New Era of Technology 3 Gururaj H L, Manoj Athreya A, Ashwin A Kumar, Abhishek M Holla, Nagarajath S M, Ravi Kumar V 1.1 Introduction to Web 3.0 6 1.1.1 Web 1.0 6 1.1.2 Web 2.0 6 1.1.3 Web 3.0 7 1.2 Blockchain 7 1.2.1 Hash Cryptography 8 1.2.2 Immutability 9 1.2.3 Distributed P2P Network 10 1.2.4 Mining 11 1.2.5 Consensus Protocol 11 1.3 Bitcoin 12 1.4 Ethereum 12 1.4.1 Ethereum Network 13 1.4.2 Interfacing with Ethereum 13 1.4.3 Ethereum Account 14 1.4.4 Ethereum Network Transactions 15 1.5 InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) 15 1.6 Decentralized Applications (DApps) 16 1.7 Case Study: FIR 17 1.7.1 Project Description 18 1.7.2 Tools Used 18 1.7.3 Project Workings 20 vii viii Contents 1.8 Conclusion 22 References 23 2 Blockchain: A Path to the Future 25 Avinash Kaur, Anand Nayyar, Parminder Singh 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Blockchain Architecture 27 2.2.1 Block 27 2.2.2 Digital Signature 28 2.2.3 Main Attributes of Blockchain 29 2.3 Types of Blockchain Systems 29 2.4 Consensus Algorithms 30 2.4.1 Proof of Work (PoW) 30 2.4.2 Pure Stake-Based Consensus 34 2.4.3 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS) 34 2.4.4 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS) 34 2.4.5 Hybrid Form of PoS and PoW 35 2.4.6 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 35 2.4.7 Ripple 35 2.4.8 Tendermint 35 2.4.9 Proof of Elapsed Time 36 2.4.10 Proof of Activity (PoA) 36 2.4.11 Proof of Burn (PoB) 36 2.5 Blockchain Applications That Are Transforming Society 37 2.6 Future Scope 38 References 39 3 Blockchain in 5G 43 C. Mageshkumar, J. Rajeshkumar, L. Godlin Atlas, P. Hamsagayathri 3.1 Introduction 44 3.1.1 What Is Blockchain Technology? 45 3.1.2 Blockchain in Real-Time World 45 3.1.3 Working Process of Blockchain 47 3.2 Data Economy of Blockchain and 5G 47 3.3 Combination of Blockchain Technology and 5G Mobile Connection 50 3.4 How to Use 5G and Blockchain Together 50 3.5 Applications of Blockchain and 5G 52 3.5.1 Smart Contracts 52 3.5.2 Data Management 52 3.5.3 Supply Chain Auditing 52 3.5.4 Entertainment and Multimedia 52 3.5.5 Smart Home 53 3.5.6 Logistics and Shipping 53 3.5.7 Drone Operation 53 3.6 Conclusion 53 References 53 Contents ix 4 Blockchain in Social Networking 55 T. Poongodi, R. Sujatha, D. Sumathi, P. Suresh, B. Balamurugan 4.1 Overview of Blockchain and Social Networking Platform 56 4.1.1 Basic Structure of Blockchain 57 4.1.2 Review of Social Networking Platform 58 4.1.3 Relationship between Social Media and Blockchain 60 4.2 Decentralized Online Social Network 60 4.2.1 Distributed Online Social Network Architecture 60 4.2.2 Social Data Representation 61 4.2.3 Security Issues 63 4.3 Trusted Social Network with Blockchain Technology 63 4.3.1 Rumor Spreading Model 65 4.3.2 Blockchain Protocols for Rumor Spreading 66 4.3.3 Comparison of SIR and Blockchain-Based SIR 67 4.4 Privacy-Preserving Services for Social Network 69 4.4.1 Blockchain-Based Social Media 70 4.4.2 Impact of Blockchain in Social Media 71 4.5 Issues and Challenges of Blockchain in Social Network 72 4.6 Conclusion 73 References 73 5 Integrating Blockchain with CACC for Trust and Platoon Management 77 Pranav Kumar Singh, Roshan Singh, Sunit Kumar Nandi, Sukumar Nandi 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Literature Review 80 5.3 Background 81 5.3.1 CACC Platooning 81 5.3.2 Blockchain 82 5.3.3 Smart Contracts 82 5.3.4 Ethereum 82 5.4 Consensus in Blockchain 83 5.4.1 Proof-of-Work (PoW) 83 5.4.2 Proof-of-Authority (PoA) 84 5.5 Proposed Framework 84 5.5.1 Blockchain at the Vehicular Plane for Intra-platoon Communications 84 5.5.2 Blockchain at the RSU Plane for Trust and Reputation Management 89 5.6 Experiments 91 5.6.1 Experiment 1: Blockchain for Intra-platoon Communication and Platoon Management 91 5.6.2 Experiment 2: Blockchain for Trust and Reputation Management 91 5.7 Results and Discussion 92 5.8 Conclusion 94 References 95 x Contents 6 Impact of Blockchain for Internet of Things Security 99 Bhawana Rudra 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2 Challenges and Issues in IoT 101 6.2.1 Attacks on IoT 101 6.3 Blockchain 106 6.3.1 Features 107 6.3.2 Blockchain Types 110 6.4 IoT Blockchain Approaches 110 6.4.1 Blockchain Platforms for IoT 111 6.4.2 Applications 114 6.5 Research Challenges 119 6.6 Conclusion 121 References 121 7 Chaos Control Dynamics of Cryptovirology in Blockchain 129 Rashmi Bhardwaj and Saureesh Das 7.1 Introduction 130 7.2 Mathematical Modeling and Stability Analysis 132 7.2.1 Fixed-Point Analysis 134 7.2.2 Phase Space Analysis 137 7.2.3 Time Series Analysis 138 7.2.4 Bifurcation Analysis 139 7.3 Lyapunov Exponent and Chaos 142 7.4 Controlling of Chaos 144 7.5 Conclusion 145 References 146 8 Blockchain and Bitcoin Security 149 K. Murugeswari, B. Balamurugan and G. Ganesan 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 Security Threats to Bitcoin 151 8.3 Working Idea of Bitcoin 151 8.4 Case Study for Analyzing the Reason for Fall in Bitcoin Value 152 8.4.1 Security Threats to Bitcoin Protocol 152 8.4.2 Security Threats to Bitcoin Services 152 8.4.3 Security Threats by Other Factors 152 8.5 Analyzed Report 152 8.6 Rise of Bitcoin Value 154 8.7 Conclusion 154 References 154 Part II Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Applications 9 Applications with Blockchain Technique 159 L. Godlin Atlas, C. Magesh Kumar, Rajakumari, P. Hamsagayathi 9.1 Introduction 160