Crossing Linguistic Boundaries i Also available from Bloomsbury Contemporary Linguistic Parameters, edited by Antonio Fábregas, Jaume Mateu and Michael Putnam Th e Bloomsbury Companion to Historical Linguistics, edited by Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik World Englishes: A Critical Analysis, by Mario Saraceni World Englishes Volumes I–III Set, edited by Tometro Hopkins, Kendall Decker and John McKenny ii Crossing Linguistic Boundaries Systemic, Synchronic and Diachronic Variation in English Edited by Paloma N ú ñ ez-Pertejo, Mar í a Jos é L ó pez-Couso, Bel é n M én dez-Naya and Javier P é rez-Guerra iii BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2020 Copyright © Paloma Nú ñ ez-Pertejo, Marí a Jos é L ó pez-Couso, Belé n M é ndez-Naya, Javier P é rez-Guerra and Contributors, 2020 Paloma Nú ñ ez-Pertejo, Marí a Jos é L ó pez-Couso, Belé n M é ndez-Naya and Javier P é rez-Guerra have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identifi ed as Editors of this work. For legal purposes the Preface on p. xii constitutes an extension of this copyright page. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third- party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: HB: 978-1-3500-5385-4 ePDF: 978-1-3500-5386-1 eBook: 978-1-3500-5387-8 Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk To fi nd out more about our authors and books visit w ww.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our n ewsletters . iv Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures ix List of Contributors x i Preface xiv Introduction Paloma N ú ñ ez-Pertejo, Mar ía José L ó pez-Couso, Bel é n M é ndez-Naya and Javier P é rez-Guerra 1 Part 1 Tensioning the System 13 1 Prosodic Templates in English Idioms and Fixed Expressions Raymond Hickey 15 2 Word- search as Word- formation? Th e Case of u h and um Gunnel Tottie 29 3 Demonstratives Licensed by Cultural Co- presence Ryan B. Doran and Gregory Ward 43 4 Th e Fall and Rise of English a ny Nikolaus Ritt, Andreas Baumann and Christina Pr ö mer 61 5 Revisiting ‘ it -extraposition’: Th e Historical Development of Constructions with Matrices (i t )/(t here ) b e + Noun Phrase followed by a Complement Clause K ristin Davidse and An Van linden 81 6 On Grammatical Change and Discourse Environments Bert Cornillie 105 7 Grammaticalizing Adverbs of English: Th e Case of s till Diana M. Lewis 127 Part 2 Synchronic and Diachronic Variation 151 8 How British is Gibraltar English? M anfred Krug, Ole Sch ü tzler and Valentin Werner 153 9 Singular they in Asian Englishes: A Case of Linguistic Democratization? Luc í a Loureiro-Porto 187 10 It is important that Mandatives ( should) be studied across Diff erent World Englishes and from a Construction Grammar Perspective Marianne Hundt 211 v vi Contents 11 Th e Stative Progressive in Singapore English: A Panchronic Perspective Debra Ziegeler and Christophe Lenoble 239 Index 267 Tables 2.1 Th e aggregate distribution of u h , um and e r (EHM) in the TIME Corpus and COCA from the 1960s to the 2000s and frequencies per million words of text 30 2.2 Cases of word- search with UHM in the SBC sub- corpus 35 4.1 Normalized frequency of any per century (<850 to 1570; data derived from the HC) 61 4.2 Feature matrix 68 4.3 Normalized frequencies of a ny and one / a ( n ) per million words (<850 to 1570; data derived from the HC) 71 5.1 Historical data: Complementation constructions with matrices ( it )/(t here ) b e + wonder 84 5.2 Old English data: Complementation constructions with matrices ( it )/(t here ) + be + tweo 85 5.3 Historical data: Complementation constructions with matrices ( it )/( there ) + be + doubt 85 5.4 Classifi cation of matrix types with be + wundor in the Old English dataset 88 5.5 Classifi cation of matrix types with be + tweo in the Old English dataset 89 5.6 Th e distribution of matrix types in Old English complementation constructions 90 5.7 Th e distribution of matrix types in complementation constructions with wundor and tweo in the Old English datasets 90 5.8 Th e distribution of matrix types in complementation constructions with be + w onder in Middle English to Present- day English datasets 95 5.9 Th e distribution of matrix types in complementation constructions with be + d oubt in the Middle English to Present- day English datasets 97 6.1 General overview of subjective threaten 119 6.2 Detailed overview of subjective threaten 119 8.1 Numbers of raters by age group and gender (n = 312) 156 total 8.2 Categorization of raters by language background 156 vii viii Tables 9.1 Substrate languages in Asian Englishes (adapted from Lim and Gisborne 2009: 126) 195 9.2 Th ird person singular pronouns in Asian substrates 195 9.3 Text- types included in ICE corpora 196 9.4 Total number of forms scrutinized 196 9.5 Total number of valid examples of singular t hey 198 9.6 Age groups in the corpora and classifi cation proposed 201 10.1 Overview of ICE corpora 215 10.2 Overview of trigger expressions used in previous corpus- based research of mandative constructions 219 10.3 List of triggers used to retrieve mandative constructions from ICE and GloWbE (bold) 220 10.4 Summary of variants ( should : subjunctive) in mandative constructions across varieties (raw frequencies) in ICE 222 10.5 Distribution of variants ( should : subjunctive) across ICE registers (macro- categories) 222 10.6 Distribution of subordination (zero vs. that ) across varieties (numerical values/varieties = subjunctive) 223 10.7 Distribution of choice contexts according to factor ‘controlling subject’ (ICE corpora) 225 10.8 Distribution of choice contexts (raw frequencies) across the factor ‘verb’ in ICE corpora 225 10.9 Distribution of choice contexts across varieties in the GloWbE dataset 228 11.1 Tokens of extended stative progressive h ave across four international dialectal corpora as illustrated in Ziegeler (2017: 328), showing frequency as a percentage of the total number of h aving forms overall 251 11.2 Frequency of the total use of h ave in the progressive in the Flowerpod Corpus of Singapore English, and diff erentiated for adversative contexts, comparing frequency of extended uses (Singlish) with non- extended, standard usage of the have -progressive 253 Figures 4.1 Frequency trajectory of any (normalized per million words) 62 4.2 Variability- based neighbour clustering (VNC) of all periods (computed with an R-script by Gries and Hilpert 2008) 62 4.3 Developments of a ny (solid dots) and o ne / an /a (open dots). Frequencies normalized per million words. Th e dashed box denotes the turn- around period 71 4.4 Eff ects of the grammaticalization of one on its relation to any 75 7.1 Frequency of still over the Modern English period 131 7.2 Evolution of still 133 8.1 Phenogram (NeighborNet) for a simple assumed dataset with six categories (adapted from Krug, Sch ü tzler and Werner 2016: 42) 159 8.2 Phenogram (NeighborNet) for lexical questionnaire ratings for GibE (all data; BrE (grey squares) and AmE (black squares) as reference varieties; node labels masked). 160 8.3 Phenogram (NeighborNet) for lexical questionnaire ratings for GibE (sampled data; female = fi lled circles, male = unfi lled circles; BrE (grey squares) and AmE (black squares) as reference varieties). [Node labels appear in the format Variety(Year)_RaterGender(Age), e.g., GIB10_253f31] 162 8.4 Global comparison of GibE, BrE and AmE 165 8.5 Ratings for individual items in AmE, GibE and BrE 167 8.6 Diff erences according to age groups 170 8.7 Rater means by age and gender; general trends indicated by smoothed regression lines 170 8.8 Rater means by age and gender; general trends indicated by smoothed regression lines for speakers aged up to seventy- fi ve 172 8.9 Item means (average of all sixty- eight items) by diff erent language backgrounds (six groups) 173 8.10 Rater means by language backgrounds (six groups) 173 8.11 Apparent- time trends for selected items in GibE 175 ix