Advance praise for Crop Genetic Diversity in the Field and on the Farm: “ The definitive text that puts crop genetic diversity and agrobiodiversity in the context of evolutionary biology and adaptation to rapid changes in the Anthropocene . . . an essential tool in training young scientists to produce the information and solutions that will contribute to healthy and resilient ecosystems for future generations.”—From the Foreword by Cristián Samper “ The wisdom and hard work of millions of farmers since the advent of agriculture are finally acknowledged and explained in this landmark book, which is a must-read for every student or practicing agronomist, ecologist, environmentalist, and conservationist. The authors need to be congratulated for a detailed account of the value of and the need for conserving traditional varieties, which is the key element for transforming the present dead-end agriculture into a sustainable model based on diverse genetic crop makeup, complemented by diverse cropping systems.”—Hans R. Herren, Co-Chair IAASTD “ A comprehensive, wide-ranging, and authoritative text by a virtual ‘dream team’ of scholars on the subject of on-farm crop genetic diversity. A great re- source for students and researchers around the globe who are concerned with the future of agriculture and food security.”—Christine Padoch, Center for International Forestry Research “ Sound and original scholarship. Retaining crop genetic diversity is important to the future of human civilization, and this book provides a good, modern general reference to the science of crop genetic diversity.”—Tim Murray, Washington State University This page intentionally left blank Yale Agrarian Studies Series James C. Scott, series editor The Agrarian Studies Series at Yale University Press seeks to publish outstanding and original interdisciplinary work on agriculture and rural society—for any period, in any location. Works of daring that question existing paradigms and fill abstract categories with the lived experience of rural people are especially encouraged. —James C. Scott, Series Editor James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Con- dition Have Failed Steve Striffler, Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America’s Favorite Food Alissa Hamilton, Squeezed: What You Don’t Know About Orange Juice James C. Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland South- east Asia Sara M. Gregg, Managing the Mountains: Land Use Planning, the New Deal, and the Creation of a Federal Landscape in Appalachia Michael R. Dove, The Banana Tree at the Gate: A History of Marginal Peoples and Global Markets in Borneo Edwin C. Hagenstein, Sara M. Gregg, and Brian Donahue, eds., American Georgics: Writings on Farming, Culture, and the Land Timothy Pachirat, Every Twelve Seconds: Industrialized Slaughter and the Politics of Sight Andrew Sluyter, Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500–1900 Brian Gareau, From Precaution to Profit: Contemporary Challenges to Environmental Pro- tection in the Montreal Protocol Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt and Gopa Samanta, Dancing with the River: People and Life on the Chars of South Asia Alon Tal, All the Trees of the Forest: Israel’s Woodlands from the Bible to the Present Felix Wemheuer, Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union Jenny Leigh Smith, Works in Progress: Plans and Realities on Soviet Farms, 1930–1963 Graeme Auld, Constructing Private Governance: The Rise and Evolution of Forest, Coffee, and Fisheries Certification Jess Gilbert, Planning Democracy: Agrarian Intellectuals and the Intended New Deal Jessica Barnes and Michael R. Dove, eds., Climate Cultures: Anthropological Perspectives on Climate Change Shafqat Hussain, Remoteness and Modernity: Transformation and Continuity in Northern Pakistan Edward Dallam Melillo, Strangers on Familiar Soil: Rediscovering the Chile-California Connection, 1786–2008 Devra I. Jarvis, Toby Hodgkin, Anthony H. D. Brown, John Tuxill, Isabel López Nor- iega, Melinda Smale, and Bhuwon Sthapit, Crop Genetic Diversity in the Field and on the Farm: Principles and Applications in Research Practices For a complete list of titles in the Yale Agrarian Studies Series, visit yalebooks.com/ agrarian. Crop Genetic Diversity in the Field and on the Farm Principles and Applications in Research Practices Devra I. Jarvis, Toby Hodgkin, Anthony H. D. Brown, John Tuxill, Isabel López Noriega, Melinda Smale, and Bhuwon Sthapit Foreword by Cristián Samper New Haven & London Published with assistance from the Mary Cady Tew Memorial Fund. As of December 1, 2006, the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and the Inter- national Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) operate under the name “Bioversity International.” The designations employed and the presentations of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations “developed” and “developing” economies are intended for statistical con- venience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country, territory, or area in the development process. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Bioversity International and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. Copyright © 2016 by Bioversity International. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] (U.S. office) or [email protected] (U.K. office). Set in Ehrhardt type by Integrated Publishing Solutions, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015943897 ISBN 978-0-300-16112-0 (cloth: alk. paper) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the many participants whose names and affiliations may not appear in this volume; numerous farmers, communities, development workers, educators, researchers, and government officials collaborated in the work presented in this work, and it is only through their efforts that this book is possible. This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword by Cristián Samper ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii chapter 1. Introduction and Overview 1 chapter 2. The Origins of Agriculture, Crop Domestication, and Centers of Diversity 13 chapter 3. Plant Genetic Resources, Conservation, and Politics: A History of International and National Developments Supporting the Conservation and Use of Crop Diversity 35 chapter 4. Diversity and Its Evolution in Crop Populations 64 chapter 5. Measuring Diversity in Crops 91 chapter 6. Abiotic and Biotic Components of Agricultural Ecosys- tems 126