Description Text reads as follows: Preface vii How Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing Supports WPA Outcomes for First-Year Composition xv Part One, Critical Thinking and Reading 1. 1. Critical Thinking, 3 2. Critical Reading: Getting Started, 33 3. Critical Reading: Getting Deeper into Arguments, 75 4. Visual Rhetoric: Thinking about Images as Arguments, 131 Part Two, Critical Writing 173. 5. Writing an Analysis of an Argument, 175 6. Developing an Argument of Your Own, 205 7. Using Sources, 242 Part Three, Further Views on Argument, 315 8. A Philosopher’s View: The Toulmin Model, 317 9. A Logician’s View: Deduction, Induction, and Fallacies, 328 10. A Psychologist’s View: Rogerian Argument, 363 11. A Literary Critic’s View: Arguing about Literature, 375 12. A Debater’s View: Oral Presentations and Debate, 402 Part Four, Casebooks on Education and the Ideal Society, 411 13. A College Education: What Is Its Purpose? 413 14. What Is the Ideal Society? 428 Index of Authors, Titles, and Terms 471 A text at the bottom of the cover reads as follows: A note about the cover. Good arguments approach an issue from different angles and consider multiple viewpoints. The colorful cover artwork, Boogie Woogie by Torben Giehler, combines paint and computer imagery to reflect the intersection of ideas and perspectives critical thinkers must consider when writing strong arguments. Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing A Brief Guide to Argument TENTH EDITION Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing A Brief Guide to Argument SYLVAN BARNET Professor of English, Late of Tu�s University HUGO BEDAU Professor of Philosophy, Late of Tu�s University JOHN O’HARA Professor of Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing, Stockton University For Bedford/St. Martin’s Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Learning Humanities: Leasa Burton Senior Program Manager: John E. Sullivan III Executive Marketing Manager: Joy Fisher Williams Director of Content Development, Humanities: Jane Knetzger Senior Developmental Editor: Leah Rang Assistant Editor: Cari Goldfine Editorial Assistant: Alex Markle Senior Content Project Manager: Peter Jacoby Senior Workflow Project Supervisor: Joe Ford Senior Workflow Project Manager: Paul Rohloff Production Supervisor: Robin Besofsky Media Product Manager: Rand Thomas Media Editor: Julia Domenicucci Editorial Services: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Composition: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Text Permissions Manager: Kalina Ingham Senior Text Researcher: Elaine Kosta, Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Photo Permissions Editor: Angela Boehler Photo Researcher: Brittani Morgan Grimes, Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume Text Design: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Design Motif Opener Pattern: Irtsya/Shutterstock Cover Design: William Boardman Cover Image: Torben Giehler, German, born in 1973, BOOGIE WOOGIE, 1999, Acrylic on canvas, 205.7 × 195.6 cm (81 × 77 in.), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, The Living New England Artist Purchase Fund, created by The Stephen and Sybil Stone Foundation 1999.499. Photo ©2020 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014, 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be permitted by law or expressly permitted in writing by the Publisher. 1  2  3  4  5  6    24  23  22  21  20  19 For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 ISBN 978-1-319-21685-6 (ePub) Acknowledgments Text acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back of the book on pages 467–69, which constitute an extension of the copyright page. Art acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the art selections they cover. Preface He who knows only his own side of the cause knows little. — JOHN STUART MILL Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing: A Brief Guide to Argument is a book about reading other people’s arguments and writing your own arguments — and it is also a collection of dozens of selections, ranging from Plato to the present, with a strong emphasis on critical thinking, reading, and writing about current issues. Since the first edition, the quotation above has reflected the view of argument that underlies this book: In writing an essay, an author engages in a serious effort to discover his or her own ideas and, having found them, to contribute to a multisided conversation. The writer is not setting out to trounce an opponent. That is partly why we avoid expressions such as “marshaling evidence,” “attacking an opponent,” and “defending a thesis.” Edmund Burke once wrote, “Our antagonist is our helper,” and we agree that views and perspectives contrary to our own can help us sharpen our own thinking and writing. True, on television and social media we see pundits on the right and le� who have made up their minds and who are indifferent or hostile to others’ analysis and opinions. But in an