2 Senior Acquisitions Editor: Kelley Squazzo Senior Development Editor: Helen Kogut Freelance Editor: Rosanne Hallowell/Beverly Tscheschlog Editorial Assistant: Leo Gray Production Project Manager: Marian Bellus Design Coordinator: Teresa Mallon Illustration Coordinator: Jennifer Clements Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffield Marketing Manager: Katie Schlesinger Prepress Vendor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services 11th edition Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Copyright © 2013, 2009 by Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2005 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1998 by Lippincott Raven Publishers. Copyright © 1994, 1990, 1986, 1982, 1977, 1973 by J. B. Lippincott Company. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as US government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Morton, Patricia Gonce, 1952–editor. | Fontaine, Dorrie K., editor. Title: Critical care nursing: a holistic approach / [edited by] Patricia Gonce Morton, PhD, RN, ACNP-BC, FAAN, Dean and Professor, Louis H. Peery Presidential Endowed Chair, University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, Utah, Dorrie K. Fontaine, PhD, RN, FAAN, Sadie Heath Cabaniss Professor of Nursing and Dean, University of Virginia School of Nursing, Charlottesville, VA. Description: 11th edition. | Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016049219 | eISBN 9781496315649 Subjects: LCSH: Intensive care nursing. | Holistic nursing. | BISAC: MEDICAL / Nursing / Critical & Intensive Care. Classification: LCC RT120.I5 C744 2018 | DDC 616.02/8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016049219 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work. This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data, and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnoses and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare 3 professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings, and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contradictions, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used, or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. LWW.com 4 To all critical care nurses. Thanks for all you do for critically ill patients and families. Your expertise and compassionate caring transform the lives of those you serve. To our husbands John and Barry. Thanks for your never-ending support, love, and encouragement. Trish and Dorrie 5 Contributors to the Eleventh Edition K. Brooke Anderson, RN, BSN, ACNP-BC R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Sara Angle, RN Clinical Nurse Educator of Surgical ICU University of Utah Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah Nathaniel M. Apatov, PhD, MSN, MHS, CRNA Associate Professor Old Dominion University Virginia Beach, Virginia Carla A. Aresco, CRNP Senior Clinical Program Manager R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Elyse Atkielski, RN, BSN Dialysis Nurse The University of Arizona Medical Center Tucson, Arizona Mona N. Bahouth, MD, MSN Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Micah Baker, RN, BSN, NPDS Staff Development Educator University of Utah Hospital and Clinics Salt Lake City, Utah Kara C. Barquist, RN, BSN, CCRN Interim Nurse Manager University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa Kathryn S. Bizek, MSN, ACNS-BC, CCRN Nurse Practitioner, Cardiology VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan 6 Nancy Blake, RN, PhD, CCRN, NEA-BC, FAAN Director, PCS Critical Care Services Associate Adjunct Professor UCLA Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Shawn Brast, RN, MSN, CCRN, NREMT-P Team Educator, Critical Care Transport Nurse Johns Hopkins Lifeline The Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Sharee Brinton, RN, BSN, CCRN Clinical Nurse Educator University of Utah Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah Tacia Bullard, RN, MSN Assistant Nurse Manager, Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa Ameera Chakravarthy, MS, ACNP-BC, FNP-BC Clinical Instructor University of Maryland School of Nursing Baltimore, Maryland Garrett K. Chan, PhD, APRN, BC-PCM, CEN Director of Advanced Practice, Stanford Health Care Clinical Associate Professor, Stanford School of Medicine Stanford, California Dennis J. Cheek, RN, PhD, FAHA Abell-Hanger Professor of Gerontological Nursing Texas Christian University Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences Fort Worth, Texas Vicki J. Coombs, PhD, RN, FAHA, CES Chief Nursing Administrator, Keiser University Ft. Lauderdale, Florida Senior Vice President, Spectrum Clinical Research, Inc. Towson, Maryland Christine M. Couchman, RN, MS, BSN Clinical Education Specialist AHA Training Center Coordinator University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Joan M. Davenport, RN, PhD 7 Assistant Professor, Vice Chair Department of Organizational Systems and Adult Health University of Maryland School of Nursing Baltimore, Maryland Meghan E. DelMastro, RN, BSN, CWOCN Certified Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurse Specialist University of Utah Hospital and Clinics and The Huntsman Cancer Hospital and Institute Salt Lake City, Utah Tamara Ekker, RN, MS Clinical Instructor University of Utah College of Nursing Salt Lake City, Utah Nicholas Fawcett, RN, BSN Registered Nurse University of Utah Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah Nancy Kern Feeley, RN, MS, CRNP Nephrology Adult Nurse Practitioner Divisions of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Joshua A. Ferguson, RN, MS, ACNP, ANP-BC Nurse Practitioner Pulmonary Critical Care Intermountain Healthcare Murray, Utah Dorrie K. Fontaine, RN, PhD, FAAN Sadie Heath Cabaniss Professor of Nursing and Dean University of Virginia School of Nursing Charlottesville, Virginia Brittany Garey, RN, BSN Registered Nurse University of Utah Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah Stephanie Gire, RN, MSN, ACCN Clinical Nurse Educator University of Utah Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah Christine Grady, RN, PhD Chief, Department of Bioethics Clinical Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 8 Debby Greenlaw, MS, CCRN, ACNPC, ACHPN Director of Palliative Care, Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Providence Hospitals Columbia, South Carolina Thomasine D. Guberski, PhD, CRNP Director, Health Program—Nursing Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Janis Gunnel, BS, RN, CCRN RN-Nurse Educator Huntsman Cancer Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah John C. Hagan, RN, MS, CCRN, ACNP-BC Acute Care Nurse Practitioner University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Beth Hammer, MSN, RN, ANP-BC Program Manager for Nursing Excellence/Nurse Practitioner Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center Milwaukee, Wisconsin Jan M. Headley, RN, BS Principal Consultants in Acute and Critical Care Yankee Hill, California Janie Heath, PhD, APRN-BC, FAAN Dean and Warwick Endowed Professor of Nursing University of Kentucky College of Nursing Lexington, Kentucky Genell Hilton, PhD, CRNP Nurse Practitioner, Traima Service San Francisco City and County San Francisco, California Janice J. Hoffman, PhD, RN, ANEF Associate Dean of Academic Affairs University of Missouri, Sinclair School of Nursing Columbia, Missouri Dorene M. Holcombe, RN, MS, ACNP, CCRN Nephrology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 9 Karen L. Johnson, PhD, RN Research Director, Nursing Banner Health Phoenix, Arizona Karen L. Johnson, PhD, RN Research Director, Nursing Banner Health Phoenix, Arizona Dennis W. Jones, RN, DNP, NREMT-P Safety & Quality Officer, Lifeline Critical Care Transport Team The Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Roberta Kaplow, APRN-CCNS, PhD, AOCNS, CCRN Clinical Nurse Specialist Emory University Hospital Atlanta, Georgia Jane Faith Kapustin, PhD, CRNP, BC-ADM, FAANP, FAAN Clinical Science Liaison, Diabetes, Medical Affairs AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Columbia, Maryland Elizabeth Kozub, RN, MS, CCNS, CCRN, CNRN Clinical Nurse Specialist, Neurosciences Abbott Northwestern Hospital Minneapolis, Minnesota Megan Cecere Lynn, RN, PhD, FNE-A Clinical Practice Coordinator University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland Rebecca E. MacIntyre, MSN, RN, ACNP-BC Neurocritical Care Nurse Practitioner Christiana Hospital Newark, Delaware Cathleen R. Maiolatesi, RN, MS Program Coordinator, Informatics Advanced Practice Nurse High Risk Obstetrics The Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Esmeralda Liu Matthews, MS, RN, ACNP-BC Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, Cardiac Surgical Telemetry Unit University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, Maryland E. Jane McCarthy, PhD, CRNA, FAAN 10