TENTH EDITION CRIMINOLOGY T , P , T HEORIES ATTERNS AND YPOLOGIES Larry J. Siegel University of Massachusetts, Lowell Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and © 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Typologies, Tenth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Larry J. Siegel may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Senior Acquisitions Editor, Criminal Justice: recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Carolyn Henderson Meier or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Development Editor: Shelley Murphy Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Assistant Editor: Meaghan Banks written permission of the publisher. Editorial Assistant: John Chell Technology Project Manager: Bessie Weiss For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Marketing Manager: Michelle Williams For permission to use material from this text or product, Marketing Assistant: Jillian Myers submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Marketing Communications Manager: Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Tami Strang [email protected]. Project Manager, Editorial Production: Jennie Redwitz Library of Congress Control Number: 2008932091 Creative Director: Rob Hugel Student Edition: Art Director: Maria Epes ISBN-13: 978-0-495-60031-2 Print Buyer: Becky Cross ISBN-10: 0-495-60031-8 Permissions Editor: Bobbie Broyer Loose-Leaf Edition: Production Service: Linda Jupiter Productions ISBN-13: 978-0-495-60030-5 Text Designer: Tani Hasegawa ISBN-10: 0-495-60030-X Photo Researcher: Linda Rill Copy Editor: Lunaea Weatherstone Wadsworth Proofreader: Debra Gates 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 Indexer: Medea Minnich USA Illustrator: Scientifi c Illustrators Cover Designer: Yvo Riezebos, Riezebos Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with Holzbaur Design Group offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Cover Image: Naoki Okamoto/SuperStock Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at Compositor: International Typesetting and www.cengage.com/international. Composition Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 This book is dedicated to my kids, Eric, Andrew, Julie, and Rachel, and to my grandkids, Jack, Kayla, and Brooke. It is also dedicated to Jason Macy (thanks for marrying Rachel) and Therese J. Libby (thanks for marrying me). ABOUT THE AUTHOR Larry J. Siegel was born in the Bronx in 1947. While living on Jerome Avenue and attending City College of New York in the 1960s, he was swept up in the social and political currents of the time. He became intrigued with the infl uence contemporary culture had on individual behavior: Did people shape society or did society shape people? He applied his interest in social forces and human behavior to the study of crime and justice. After graduating CCNY, he attended the newly opened program in criminal justice at the State University of New York at Albany, earning both his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees there. After completing his graduate work, Dr. Siegel began his teaching career at North- eastern University, where he was a faculty member for nine years. After leaving Northeastern, he held teaching positions at the University of Nebraska–Omaha and Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire. He is currently a professor at the University of Massachusetts–Lowell. Dr. Siegel has written extensively in the area of crime and justice, including books on juvenile law, delinquency, criminology, criminal justice, and criminal procedure. He is a court certifi ed expert on police conduct and has testifi ed in numerous legal cases. The father of four and grandfather of three, Larry Siegel and his wife, Terry, now reside in Bedford, New Hampshire, with their two dogs, Watson and Cody. BRIEF CONTENTS PART ONE CHAPTER 9 Developmental Theories: Life Course CONCEPTS OF CRIME, LAW, and Latent Trait 270 AND CRIMINOLOGY PART THREE CHAPTER 1 Crime and Criminology 2 CRIME TYPOLOGIES CHAPTER 2 The Nature and Extent of Crime 28 CHAPTER 10 Interpersonal Violence 300 CHAPTER 3 Victims and Victimization 68 CHAPTER 11 Political Crime and Terrorism 334 PART TWO CHAPTER 12 THEORIES OF CRIME Property Crime 368 CAUSATION CHAPTER 13 Enterprise Crime: White-Collar and CHAPTER 4 Organized Crime 394 Rational Choice Theory 94 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 5 Public Order Crime: Sex and Substance Trait Theories 128 Abuse 424 CHAPTER 6 Social Structure Theories 176 CHAPTER 15 Cyber Crime and Technology 466 CHAPTER 7 Social Process Theories 212 CHAPTER 8 Social Confl ict, Critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice 244 v CONTENTS Preface xiv PART ONE CONCEPTS OF CRIME, LAW, AND CRIMINOLOGY 1 CHAPTER 1 Crime and Criminology 2 What Is Criminology? 4 Crime and the Criminal Law 18 Criminology and Criminal Justice 4 Common Law 19 Criminology and Deviance 4 Contemporary Criminal Law 19 A Brief History of Criminology 5 ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: The Mother of All Snakeheads 21 Classical Criminology 5 Nineteenth-Century Positivism 6 The Evolution of Criminal Law 21 The Chicago School and Beyond 8 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Social-Psychological Views 9 The Elements of Criminal Law 22 Confl ict and Crime 9 Integrating Diverse Prospectives: Developmental Ethical Issues in Criminology 23 Criminology 10 What to Study? 24 Contemporary Criminology 10 Whom to Study? 24 What Criminologists Do: The Criminological How to Study? 24 Enterprise 11 CHAPTER 2 Criminal Statistics and Research Methodology 11 The Nature and Extent of Crime 28 ❚ Comparative Criminology: International Crime Trends 12 Primary Sources of Crime Data: Record Data 30 Offi cial Record Research 30 Law and Society: The Sociology of Law 14 The Uniform Crime Report 30 Theory Construction and Testing 14 ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: A Pain in the Glass 33 Criminal Behavior Systems and Crime Typologies 14 Penology and Social Control 15 Primary Sources of Crime Data: Survey Research 34 Victimology: Victims and Victimization 15 The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 34 How Criminologists View Crime 16 Self-Report Surveys 35 The Consensus View of Crime 16 Evaluating the Primary Sources of Crime Data 37 The Confl ict View of Crime 17 Secondary Sources of Crime Data 38 The Interactionist View of Crime 17 Cohort Research 38 Defi ning Crime 18 Experimental Research 38 vi Observational and Interview Research 39 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Crime Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review 39 and Everyday Life 80 Data Mining 39 Caring for the Victim 81 Crime Mapping 41 The Government’s Response to Victimization 82 Crime Trends 41 Victims and Self-Protection 84 Trends in Violent Crime 41 Victims’ Rights 85 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: Jesse Timmendequas Crime Trends 42 and Megan’s Law 86 Trends in Property Crime 44 Trends in Victimization Data (NCVS Findings) 44 PART TWO Trends in Self-Reporting 45 THEORIES OF CRIME What the Future Holds 46 Crime Patterns 47 CAUSATION 93 The Ecology of Crime 47 Use of Firearms 49 CHAPTER 4 Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime 49 Evaluating the Class–Crime Association 49 Rational Choice Theory 94 ❚ Policy and Practice in Criminology: The Development of Rational Choice Theory 96 Should Guns Be Controlled? 50 The Classical Theory of Crime 96 Contemporary Choice Theory Emerges 97 The Concepts of Rational Choice 98 ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: Looting the Public Treasury 99 Crime Is Both Offense- and Offender-Specifi c 99 Structuring Criminality 100 Structuring Crime 101 Is Crime Rational? 102 Age and Crime 52 Gender and Crime 53 Race and Crime 55 Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers 59 CHAPTER 3 Victims and Victimization 68 Problems of Crime Victims 70 Is Theft Rational? 102 Economic Loss 70 Is Drug Use Rational? 103 System Abuse 70 Long-Term Stress 71 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Planning Violence: Fear 71 Murder for Hire 104 Antisocial Behavior 71 Is Violence Rational? 104 The Nature of Victimization 72 Eliminating Crime 106 The Social Ecology Situational Crime Prevention 106 of Victimization 72 ❚ Comparative Criminology: Reducing Crime through The Victim’s Household 73 Surveillance 108 Victim Characteristics 73 Victims and Their Criminals 76 General Deterrence 109 Theories of Victimization 77 Specifi c Deterrence 113 Victim Precipitation Theory 77 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Does Capital Lifestyle Theory 77 Punishment Deter Murder? 114 Deviant Place Theory 78 Routine Activities Theory 78 Incapacitation 116 CONTENTS vii Psychological Traits and Characteristics 158 Personality and Crime 159 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: The Psychopath 160 Intelligence and Crime 161 Public Policy Implications of Trait Theory 163 CHAPTER 6 Social Structure Theories 176 Socioeconomic Structure and Crime 178 Public Policy Implications of Choice Theory 118 The Underclass 179 Just Desert 119 Child Poverty 179 Minority Group Poverty 180 CHAPTER 5 ❚ Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Trait Theories 128 There Goes the Neighborhood 181 Foundations of Trait Theory 130 Social Structure Theories 182 Sociobiology 131 Social Disorganization Theory 183 Contemporary Trait Theories 131 The Social Ecology School 186 Biological Trait Theories: Biosocial Theory 132 Collective Effi cacy 188 Biochemical Conditions and Crime 132 Strain Theories 190 ❚ Comparative Criminology: Diet and Crime: The Concept of Anomie 191 An International Perspective 136 Merton’s Theory of Anomie 192 Macro-Level Theory: Institutional Anomie Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime 138 Theory 193 Arousal Theory 141 Micro-Level Theory: General Strain ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Teenage Behavior: Theory 194 Is It the Brain? 142 Sources of Strain 195 Coping with Strain 196 Genetics and Crime 143 Evaluating GST 197 Evolutionary Theory 146 Cultural Deviance Theories 197 Evaluation of the Biosocial Branch of Trait Theory 147 Conduct Norms 198 Focal Concerns 198 Theory of Delinquent Subcultures 198 ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: A Life in the Drug Trade 200 ❚ Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: The Code of the Streets 201 Theory of Differential Opportunity 202 Evaluating Social Structure Theories 203 Public Policy Implications of Social Structure Theory 204 Psychological Trait Theories 147 CHAPTER 7 Psychodynamic Theory 149 Social Process Theories 212 ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: Andrea Yates 152 Socialization and Crime 214 Behavioral Theory 153 Family Relations 214 Educational Experience 216 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Peer Relations 217 Violent Media/Violent Behavior? 154 Institutional Involvement and Belief 217 Cognitive Theory 156 The Effects of Socialization on Crime 218 viii CONTENTS Left Realism 255 Critical Feminist Theory 256 Power–Control Theory 257 Peacemaking Criminology 258 Critical Theory and Public Policy 259 The Concept of Restorative Justice 259 Reintegrative Shaming 260 The Process of Restoration 261 The Challenge of Restorative Justice 262 ❚ Comparative Criminology: Restoration in the International Community 263 Social Learning Theory 219 Differential Association Theory 219 CHAPTER 9 Differential Reinforcement Theory 222 Neutralization Theory 223 Developmental Theories: Life Are Learning Theories Valid? 224 Course and Latent Trait 270 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Foundations of Developmental Theory 272 When Being Good Is Bad 225 Life Course Fundamentals 273 Disruption Promotes Criminality 273 Social Control Theory 226 Changing Life Infl uences 273 Self-Concept and Crime 226 Life Course Concepts 274 Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory 227 Problem Behavior Syndrome 274 ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: Alpha Dog 229 Pathways to Crime 274 Age of Onset/Continuity of Crime 275 Social Reaction Theory 230 Adolescent-Limiteds and Life Course Persisters 277 Interpreting Crime 231 Theories of the Criminal Life Course 277 Differential Enforcement 231 Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory 278 Consequences of Labeling 232 Primary and Secondary Deviance 233 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Research on Social Reaction Theory 233 Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives 282 Is Labeling Theory Valid? 234 Latent Trait Theories 283 Evaluating Social Process Theories 234 Crime and Human Nature 285 Public Policy Implications of Social Process Theory 235 General Theory of Crime 285 ❚ The Criminological Enterprise: Storylines 236 ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: James Paul Lewis, Jr.: “Crimes Against Humanity” 288 CHAPTER 8 Evaluating Developmental Theories 291 Social Confl ict, Critical Criminology, Public Policy Implications of Developmental Theory 292 and Restorative Justice 244 Marxist Thought 246 PART THREE Productive Forces and Productive Relations 246 A Marxist Vision of Crime 248 CRIME TYPOLOGIES 299 Creating a Critical Criminology 248 Contemporary Critical Criminology 250 CHAPTER 10 How Critical Criminologists Defi ne Crime 250 Interpersonal Violence How Critical Criminologists View the Cause 300 of Crime 251 The Causes of Violence 302 Globalization 252 Psychological/Biological Abnormality 302 Instrumental vs. Structural Theory 252 Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct 302 Instrumental Theory 253 Substance Abuse 303 Structural Theory 253 Socialization and Upbringing 303 Research on Critical Criminology 253 Exposure to Violence 304 ❚ PROFILES IN CRIME: Mumia Abu-Jamal 254 Cultural Values/Subculture of Violence 305 Critique of Critical Criminology 255 ❚ Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: The Honor Emerging Forms of Critical Criminology 255 Killing of Women and Girls 306 CONTENTS ix