Criminal_Law5eV6.qxd 11/8/09 18:58 Page 1 Law C Criminal R I FIFTH EDITION Tony Storey and Alan Lidbury M I This book provides a highly readable introduction to criminal law. It has been written N with the needs of students taking A-level law specifications particularly in mind, but it provides an ideal account of the subject for anybody coming to it for the first time. A L aw Criminal Law also pays special attention to the broader context in which the law Criminal operates, and considers proposals for reform. L This fully updated fifth edition builds upon the success of earlier editions, covering L important new legislation, reports and case law, including the Serious Crime Act 2007, the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, the House of Lords’ judgments a in Kennedy (2007), G (2008), Rahman & Others (2008) and Purdy (2009) and the proposed Coroners and Justice Act 2009. FIFTH EDITION w Key features: • Extended case summaries and updated case and statute law • Full coverage of A2 Criminal law options taught from September 2009 E F • New OCR specimen papers with guidance on suggested answers D I F • New OCR section C ‘objective assessment’ questions with suggested answers I T T • OCR Special Study Paper (examination from January 2010) with sources and IO H commentary N Tony Storey and Alan Lidbury are experienced teachers and lecturers, and are Principal Assistant Examiner and Principal Examiner respectively for one of the major examination boards. A T l o a n n y Also available L S AS Law (fifth edition), by Vanstone, Sherratt and Charman (ISBN 978-1-84392-417-3) id to b r Contract Law (fourth edition), by Mary Charman (ISBN 978-1-84392-358-9) u e r y Tort Law (third edition), by Sue Hodge (ISBN 978-1-84392-098-4) y a n d Tony Storey and Academic and Professional Publisher of the Year 2008 International Achievement Alan Lidbury of the Year 2009 www.willanpublishing.co.uk j:book 18-8-2009 p:1 c:1 black–text Criminal Law j:book 18-8-2009 p:2 c:1 black–text . j:book 18-8-2009 p:3 c:1 black–text Criminal Law Fifth edition Tony Storey and Alan Lidbury j:book 18-8-2009 p:4 c:1 black–text Publishedby: WillanPublishing CulmcottHouse MillStreet,Uffculme Cullompton,Devon EX153AT,UK Tel:(cid:1)44(0)1884840337 Fax:(cid:1)44(0)184840251 e-mail:info(cid:1)willanpublishing.co.uk website:www.willanpublishing.co.uk Publishedsimultaneouslyinthe USAand Canadaby: WillanPublishing c/oISBS,920NE58thAve,Suite300, Portland,Oregon97213-3786,USA Tel:(cid:1)001(0)5032873093 Fax:(cid:1)001(0)5032808832 e-mail:info(cid:1)isbs.com website:www.isbs.com (cid:2)TonyStoreyandAlanLidbury2009 TherightsofTonyStoreyandAlanLidburytobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisbook havebeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct of1988. Allrightsreserved;nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,or transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthe PublishersoralicencepermittingcopyingintheUKissuedbytheCopyrightLicensing AgencyLtd,SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Firsteditionpublished2001 Secondedition2002 Thirdedition2004 Fourthedition2007 Fifthedition2009 ISBN978-1-84392-696-2 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe BritishLibrary ProjectmanagedbyDeerParkProductions,Tavistock,Devon TypesetbyTWTypesetting,Plymouth,Devon PrintedandboundbyT.J.InternationalLtd,Padstow,Cornwall j:book 18-8-2009 p:5 c:1 black–text Contents Table of cases xiii Table of statutes xxi Introduction xxv How to use this book xxix Part 1 General principles 1 1 Actus reus and mens rea 3 Introduction 3 Actus reus 3 Causation 5 Mens rea 17 Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea 17 Mens rea is not the same as motive 21 Transferred malice 22 Summary 24 2 Liability for omissions 26 Introduction 26 Crimes that can be committed only by failing to act 27 Committing crime by failing to act when under a duty to act 28 Reform 35 Summary 36 3 Recklessness 37 Introduction 37 The taking of an unjustifiable risk 38 Awareness of risk 38 The Cunningham test: 1957 39 The Caldwell test: 1981–2003 40 Back to Cunningham: G and R (2003) 42 Summary 46 j:book 18-8-2009 p:6 c:1 black–text CriminalLaw 4 Strict liability 47 Introduction 47 Contrast with absolute liability 48 Common law offences 48 Statutory offences 48 Identifying offences of strict liability 49 Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 59 Pros and cons of strict liability 60 Due diligence defences 61 Summary 63 Questions on Part 1 General principles 1 64 Part 2 Homicide 5 Murder 69 Introduction 69 Causing death 70 Another human being 70 The Queen’s Peace 71 Within any county of the realm 71 The year-and-a-day rule 71 ‘Malice aforethought’ 72 Reform 78 Summary 81 6 Voluntary manslaughter 82 General introduction 82 A Provocation 83 Important note about law reform 83 Introduction 83 What can amount to provocation? 83 The subjective question 84 The objective question 86 Procedure 93 Summary 100 B Diminished responsibility 101 Introduction 101 ‘Abnormality of mind’ 102 The specified causes 103 ‘Substantially impaired ... mental responsibility’ 105 The effect of intoxication 105 Procedure 110 Reform 111 Summary 113 C Suicide pact 114 vi j:book 18-8-2009 p:7 c:1 black–text Contents 7 Involuntary manslaughter 115 General introduction 115 A Constructive manslaughter 115 Introduction 115 The actus reus of constructive manslaughter 116 The mens rea of constructive manslaughter 119 Summary 121 B Gross negligence manslaughter 122 Introduction 122 Duty of care 123 Breach of duty 124 Gross negligence 124 Summary 127 C Subjective reckless manslaughter 127 D Corporate manslaughter 128 Reform of involuntary manslaughter 130 Questions on Part 2 Homicide 131 Part 3 Offences against the person 8 Non-fatal offences against the person 135 Introduction 135 Assault and battery 136 Actual bodily harm 140 Wounding and grievous bodily harm 141 Included offences 143 Psychiatric injury 144 Transmission of disease 145 Stalking 147 Mens rea of non-fatal offences 148 Reform 149 Summary 151 9 Consent 153 Introduction 153 General principles 153 Limitations on consent 159 The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 165 Reform 166 Summary 166 Questions on Part 3 Offences against the person 167 vii j:book 18-8-2009 p:8 c:1 black–text CriminalLaw Part 4 Offences against property 10 Theft and making off 171 Introduction 171 ‘Appropriation’ 172 ‘Property’ 175 ‘Belonging to another’ 176 ‘Dishonesty’ 180 ‘Intention to permanently deprive’ 183 Making off without payment 187 Summary 190 11 Robbery 193 Introduction 193 The actus reus of robbery 193 The mens rea of robbery 196 Summary 196 12 Burglary 197 Introduction 197 Actus reus of burglary 197 The mens rea of burglary 202 Trespass with intent to commit a sexual offence 203 Summary 204 13 Criminal damage 206 Introduction 206 Criminal damage 206 Aggravated criminal damage 209 ‘Without lawful excuse’ 211 Arson and aggravated arson 215 Summary 215 Questions on Part 4 Offences against property 216 Part 5 Defences General introduction 221 14 Intoxication 223 Introduction 223 Legal principle vs public policy 224 Voluntary intoxication 225 Involuntary intoxication 231 ‘Dutch courage’ 234 viii j:book 18-8-2009 p:9 c:1 black–text Contents Intoxication and other defences 235 Reform 236 Summary 238 15 Insanity 240 Introduction 240 The M’Naghten Rules 240 ‘Defect of reason’ 241 ‘Disease of the mind’ 241 ‘Nature and quality of the act’ 249 ‘Wrong’ 249 The presumption of sanity 252 ‘Irresistible impulses’ 252 The special verdict 253 Procedure 254 Reform 254 Summary 255 16 Automatism 257 Introduction 257 What is ‘automatism’? 257 Extent of involuntariness required 259 Self-induced automatism 260 Reflex actions 261 Reform 262 Summary 262 17 Mistake 265 Introduction 265 General principles 265 Intoxicated mistakes 267 Summary 270 18 Duress and necessity 271 Introduction 271 Sources of the duress 271 The seriousness of the threat 272 Threats against whom? 273 Immediacy of the threat 273 Escape opportunities and police protection 274 Voluntary exposure to risk of compulsion 274 Should D have resisted the threats? 277 The scope of the defence 280 Reform of duress 284 Necessity 284 Summary 287 ix