FoUrteenth edition Criminal Justice Today An InTroduCTory TexT for The TwenTy-fIrsT CenTury Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Emeritus, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Andrew Gilfillan Manager, Product Strategy: Sara Eilert Senior Acquisitions Editor: Gary Bauer Product Strategy Manager: Anne Rynearson Editorial Assistant: Lynda Cramer Team Lead, Media Development & Production: Rachel Collett Director of Marketing: David Gesell Media Project Manager: Maura Barclay Marketing Manager: Thomas Hayward Cover Designer: Melissa Welch, Studio Montage Product Marketing Manager: Kaylee Carlson Cover Image: Samxmeg/Getty Images, Antbphotos/Fotolia, Marketing Assistant: Les Roberts Oleg Golovnev/Fotolia, Senk/Fotolia, Patrik Dietrich/ Program Manager Team Lead: Laura Weaver Shutterstock, and Manfredxy/Shutterstock Program Manager: Tara Horton Full-Service Project Management: Abinaya Rajendran, Project Manager Team Lead: Bryan Pirrmann Integra Software Services, Pvt Ltd Project Manager: Susan Hannahs Composition: Integra Software Services, Pvt Ltd Operations Specialist: Deidra Smith Text Printer/Binder: Courier Kendallville, Inc. Creative Director: Andrea Nix Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Art Director: Diane Six Text Font: Bembo MT Pro 10/13 Credits and acknowledgments for content borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text. Acknowledgements of third party content appear on page with the borrowed material, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship be- tween the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors. Copyright © 2017, 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schmalleger, Frank, author. Criminal justice today: an introductory text for the twenty-first century/Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor Emeritus, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke.—Fourteenth edition. pages cm ISBN 978-0-13-414559-4 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-13-414559-3 (alk. paper) 1. Criminal justice, Administration of—United States. 2. Criminal procedure—United States. I. Title. HV9950.S35 2017 364.973--dc23 2015036928 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paper Bound: ISBN 13: 978-0-13-414559-4 ISBN 10: 0-13-414559-3 Loose leaf: ISBN 13: 978-0-13-441714-1 ISBN 10: 0-13-441714-3 This book is dedicated to my beautiful wife, Ellen “Willow” Szirandi Schmalleger, my true companion, whose wonderful, happy, and free spirit is a gift to all who know her. Brief Contents PART 1 Crime in America 1 Chapter 1 | What Is Criminal Justice? 2 Chapter 2 | The Crime Picture 30 Chapter 3 | The Search for Causes 70 Chapter 4 | Criminal Law 106 PART 2 Policing 135 Chapter 5 | Policing: History and Structure 136 Chapter 6 | Policing: Purpose and Organization 161 Chapter 7 | Policing: Legal Aspects 197 Chapter 8 | Policing: Issues and Challenges 241 PART 3 Adjudication 272 Chapter 9 | The Courts: Structure and Participants 273 Chapter 10 | Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial 309 Chapter 11 | Sentencing 339 PART 4 Corrections 383 Chapter 12 | Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions 384 Chapter 13 | Prisons and Jails 413 Chapter 14 | Prison Life 456 PART 5 Special Issues 495 Chapter 15 | Juvenile Justice 496 Chapter 16 | Drugs and Crime 522 Chapter 17 | Terrorism, Multinational Criminal Justice and Global Issues 558 Chapter 18 | High-Technology Crimes 594 iv Contents Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxx About the Author xxxiii PART OnE Crime in America 2 ■ Chapter 1 | What Is Criminal Justice? 2 Introduction 3 A Brief History of Crime in America 4 The Theme of this Book 7 Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Clarence Thomas Says: “Freedom Means Responsibility” 9 Criminal Justice and Basic Fairness 10 ■ cJ | news Surveillance Technology Has Been Blanketing the Nation Since 9-11 12 American Criminal Justice: System and Functions 13 The Consensus Model 13 The Conflict Model 14 American Criminal Justice: The Process 14 paying For it Cost-Efficient Criminal Justice 14 Investigation and Arrest 16 Pretrial Activities 17 Adjudication 19 Sentencing 19 Corrections 20 Reentry 20 Due Process and Individual Rights 20 The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights 21 The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process 21 Evidence-Based Practice in Criminal Justice 22 ■ cJ | careers Careers in Criminal Justice 23 The Start of Academic Criminal Justice 24 Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice 24 Summary 26 Key Terms 27 Questions for Review 27 Questions for Reflection 27 Notes 27 Chapter 2 | The Crime Picture 30 Introduction 31 Crime Data and Social Policy 31 v vi ContentS The Collection of Crime Data 32 The UCR/NIBRS Program 32 Development of the UCR Program 32 The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) 34 Historical Trends 36 UCR/NIBRS in Transition 39 PART I Offenses 40 Freedom or saFety? yoU decide A Dress Code for Bank Customers? 41 ■ cJ | news “Flash Robs”—The Next Social Media Phenomenon 47 ■ cJ | issUes Race and the Criminal Justice System 49 PART II Offenses 52 Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Can Citizens Have Too Much Privacy? 53 The National Crime Victimization Survey 54 Comparisons of the UCR and NCVS 55 Special Categories of Crime 56 Crime against Women 56 Crime against the Elderly 57 ■ cJ | issUes Gender Issues in Criminal Justice 58 Hate Crime 59 Corporate and White-Collar Crime 60 Organized Crime 61 Gun Crime 62 Drug Crime 63 ■ cJ | issUes Gun Control 64 Cybercrime 65 ■ cJ | news Most Americans Favor Legalizing Marijuana 66 Terrorism 66 Summary 67 Key Terms 67 Questions for Review 67 Questions for Reflection 67 Notes 68 Chapter 3 | The Search for Causes 72 Introduction 73 Criminological Theory 74 Classical and Neoclassical Theory 76 Cesare Beccaria: Crime and Punishment 78 Jeremy Bentham: Hedonistic Calculus 78 The Neoclassical Perspective 78 Social Policy and Classical Theories 79 vii ContentS Early Biological Theories 79 Franz Joseph Gall: Phrenology 79 Cesare Lombroso: Atavism 80 Criminal Families 81 William Sheldon: Somatotypes 81 Social Policy and Early Biological Theories 82 Biosocial Theories 82 The Gender Ratio Problem 82 Chromosome Theory 83 Biochemical Factors and Imbalances 84 Heredity and Heritability 85 Social Policy and Biological Theories 85 Psychological Theories 85 Behavioral Conditioning 86 Freudian Psychoanalysis 86 Psychopathology and Crime 86 The Psychotic Offender 87 Trait Theory 88 Psychological Profiling 88 Social Policy and Psychological Theories 89 Sociological Theories 89 Social Ecology Theory 90 Anomie Theory 91 ■ cJ | news Evidence of “Warrior Gene” May Help Explain Violence 91 Subcultural Theory 91 Social Policy and Sociological Theories 92 Social Process Theories 92 Differential Association Theory 92 ■ cJ | issUes The Physical Environment and Crime 93 Restraint Theories 94 Labeling Theory 95 Social Development and the Life Course 96 Conflict Theories 99 Radical Criminology 99 Peacemaking Criminology 100 Social Policy and Conflict Theories 100 Emergent Perspectives 101 Feminist Criminology 101 Postmodern Criminology 102 Summary 103 Key Terms 103 viii ContentS Key cases 104 Questions for Review 104 Questions for Reflection 104 Notes 104 Chapter 4 | Criminal Law 108 Introduction 109 The Nature and Purpose of Law 109 The Rule of Law 110 Types of Law 110 ■ cJ | news Politicians Who Violate the “Rule of Law” Get Tough Prison Sentences 111 Criminal Law 112 Statutory Law 112 Civil Law 113 Administrative Law 113 Case Law 113 General Categories of Crime 113 Felonies 114 Misdemeanors 114 Offenses 114 Treason 114 Freedom or saFety? yoU decide Should Violent Speech Be Free Speech? 115 Espionage 116 Inchoate Offenses 116 General Features of Crime 116 The Criminal Act (Actus Reus) 116 A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea) 118 Concurrence 119 Other Features of Crime 119 Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense 120 The Example of Murder 121 The Corpus Delicti of a Crime 121 Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge 123 Alibi 123 Justifications 124 Excuses 126 Procedural Defenses 132 Summary 134 Key Terms 134 Key Cases 134 Questions for Review 135 ix ContentS Questions for Reflection 135 Notes 135 PART TwO Policing 137 ■ Chapter 5 | Policing: History and Structure 138 Introduction 139 Historical Development of the Police 139 English Roots 139 The Early American Experience 141 The Last Half of the Twentieth Century 143 Evidence-Based Policing 144 American Policing Today: From the Federal to the Local Level 147 Federal Agencies 148 The Federal Bureau of Investigation 148 ■ cJ | news The FBI’s Next Generation Identification System 150 State-Level Agencies 151 Local Agencies 152 ■ cJ | news LAPD Adds Officers and Crime Falls—But Is There a Connection? 152 Private Protective Services 154 paying For it Cost-Efficient Policing 155 Integrating Public and Private Security 157 ■ cJ | careers 158 Summary 160 Key Terms 161 Questions for Review 161 Questions for Reflection 161 Notes 161 Chapter 6 | Policing: Purpose and Organization 163 Introduction 164 The Police Mission 164 Enforcing the Law 164 Apprehending Offenders 165 Preventing Crime 165 Predicting Crime 166 Preserving the Peace 166 Providing Services 167 Operational Strategies 167 Preventive Patrol 168