Crime Scene Investigation Crime Scene Investigation Third Edition Jacqueline T. Fish Larry S. Miller Michael C. Braswell Edward W. Wallace Jr. AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:1)OXFORD(cid:1)PARIS(cid:1)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:1)SINGAPORE(cid:1)SYDNEY(cid:1)TOKYO AndersonPublishingisanimprintofElsevier AndersonPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Copyrightr2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Dedication To all the CSIs, evidence techs, investigators, and students who are committed to crime scene investigation and processing, we owe you a debt of gratitude. You are indeed preserving the scenes where victims can no longer provide testimony; you are the voice of the victims, the experts who identify, collect, and preserve physical evidence and present it to our courts in order for justice toprevail.Thankyouforyourserviceandyourcommitmenttolife-longlearn- ing as technologies advance. This third edition is dedicated to your service. Thankyouforyourperseverance. JacquelineT. Fish Larry S. Miller Michael C.Braswell EdwardW. Wallace Jr v Acknowledgments We owe so much appreciation to the many contributors to this book; they have worked decades upon decades to discover the techniques that are contained in this volume. It is a massive task to bring all that expertise from across the nation into one textbook that is used by many universities and organizations to educate the CSIs, evidence techs, and investigators of the future. We would be remiss if we did not mention the undying support each of us has received from our families as we worked to complete this third edi- tion of Crime Scene Investigation. So, to all our family members, we love you and will never forget those endless hours spent away from you while we compiled this book! Jackie Larry Mickey Ed xv Contributors Jeff Allen Fire Marshal, Irmo Fire District Jeff Allen joined the Irmo Fire District (South Carolina) and has accumulated more than 1,500 hours of training in the fire/arson investigation field, includ- ing courses at the National Fire Academy in Maryland and the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Serving in his current position as a police-certified fire marshalenablesAllentoconductfullinvestigationsfromscenearrivaltoarrest and prosecution within his 27-square-mile jurisdiction. Allen teaches com- ponents of the two-week basic fire/arson investigation course to fire and police officers as offered through the SC State Academy and various other investigative and management classes throughout the United States when requested. He is a contributor to Chapter 9. William M. Bass, Ph.D. Forensic Anthropologist, The University of Tennessee (Emeritus) Bill Bass is a world-renowned forensic anthropologist and founder of the Outdoor Anthropological Research Facility (more commonly known as the “Body Farm”) at the University of Tennessee (UT) in Knoxville. For more than 40 years, Bass taught anthropology to students and law enforcement officers across the nation and around the world. Every state in the union employs forensic anthropologists who studied under the tutelage of Bass. AsProfessor Emeritus, Bass resides in Knoxville, and coauthored the Jefferson Bass series of books. He also teaches a Time Since Death seminar for the National Forensic Academy in Knoxville and was one of the first individuals honored as a Diplomat by the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists. His impact on the discipline of forensic anthropology is immense, as evi- denced by the existence of one of the largest modern skeletal collections in the world, which is housed in UT’s William Bass Skeletal Collection. Bass has xvii xviii Contributors played a prominent role in hundreds of death investigations including the NobleGeorgiaCrematorycremainsinvestigation.In2011,theWilliamM.Bass Forensic Anthropology Building at The University of Tennessee was opened as theresultofthemanyyearsofworkandfundraisingbyDr.Basstoprovidestu- dentswithstate-of-the-artfacilities.HeisacontributortoChapter14. Diane Bodie Crime Scene Investigator, South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (retired) DianeBodieisretiredasasenioragentwiththeSouthCarolinaLawEnforcement Division(SLED),whereshewasassignedasacrimesceneinvestigator.Hercareer spans more than 35 years, including 6 years at the FBI and 26 years with SLED. She now works as an investigator for the Richland County Sheriff’s Office and serves as a national consultant and facilitator in the area of impression evidence and fingerprint classification. She collaborated with the National Center for Biomedical Research and Training on forensic course development and teaches for the Amber Alert program. Diane served as a member of the Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT) for several years. SheisacontributortoChapters4and5. Arthur Bohanan Police Specialist, Knoxville Police Department (retired) Retired Police Specialist Arthur Bohanan has spent more than 45 years of his lifededicatedtothestudyofimpressionevidence.Hisresearchandworkfocus on the physical characteristics of children’s fingerprints and how they differ from adult fingerprints and on the invention of a machine that aids in the developmentoffingerprintsonthebodiesofdeceasedvictims.Bohananbegan his career in the fingerprint unit at the FBI; then he became a police officer for 25yearsattheKnoxvillePoliceDepartmentinTennessee.Heholdsapatentto the CBC fingerprint device, and he currently teaches Amber Alert and criminal investigative techniques to law enforcement officers nationwide. Bohanan is certifiedbytheInternationalAssociationofIdentificationasalatentprintexam- inerandseniorcrimesceneanalyst,andhedevotedhundredsofhoursworking at Ground Zero while he was a member of the Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT) after the September 2001 attacks. He was also deployed to work in Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina devastated the area in 2005.Bohanan iscurrentlyworkingwithCarsonNewmanCollegetoestablish another research facility to study the effects dead bodies have on the environ- ment.HeisacontributortoChapter4. Contributors xix Karen Berka Bruewer, M.S. Forensic Scientist and Consultant, KMB Forensics KarenBruewerisaforensicscientistspecializingintheexaminationofphysical evidence and testing evidence for the presence of bodily fluids that can yield DNA samples for analysis. She worked for a number of years at the Indiana State Police Crime Laboratory and provided training to law enforcement officers across the country on DNA analysis. Bruewer was also a consultant for the University of Tennessee and assisted in the development of curricula that is being taught nationwide. Currently, she is the owner of KMB Forensics, a consulting firm, and teaches forensics at a local college in Van Wert, Ohio. She is acontributor toChapter6. James Claude Upshaw (“Jamie”) Downs, M.D. Forensic Pathologist Jamie Downs is coastal Georgia’s first regional medical examiner. He has been continuously employed as a medical examiner and consultant in foren- sic pathology since 1989 and was Alabama’s state forensics director and chief medical examiner from 1998 to 2002. Downs graduated from the University of Georgia in 1983. He completed Peace Officers Standards and Training at the Southwest Alabama Police Academy. He received his medical degree and residency training in anatomic and clinical pathology and his fellowship in forensic pathology from the Medical University of South Carolina. The latter included a rotation through the Metropolitan Dade County Florida (Miami) Medical Examiner Department and internship at the FBI’s Behavioral Sciences Unit in Quantico, Virginia. He is board certified in anatomic, clini- cal, and forensic pathology. Downs has lectured extensively in the field of forensicpathologyandhaspresentedatnumerous nationalandinternational meetings in the fields of anatomic and forensic pathology. He is a consultant to the FBI Behavioral Science Unit in Quantico, Virginia, having authored four chapters in their manual on Managing Death Investigation, and was primary author of the FBI’s acclaimed Forensic Investigator’s Trauma Atlas. He has authored several books and chapters in the fields of forensic pathology and child abuse, and contributed to Chapter 13 of this book. Areas of special interest include child abuse and police use of force. He serves on the Forensic Committee of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, as well as the boards of the American Board of Medicolegal Death Investigators and Medical/Investigational Advisory Board of the Sudden Unexplained Death in Childhood Program. xx Contributors Jeff Fuller Bomb Technician (retired) Jeff Fuller is a graduate of the University of South Carolina who retired after 35 years of law enforcement service. Fuller received advanced bomb training with the FBI, ATF, Israel National Police, and British Ministry of Defense. For 20 years, he worked as a Bomb Technician at the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division (SLED) and retired at the rank of Lieutenant while serving ascommanderof SLED’s nationallyrecognized bombsquad. As Chairman of the National Bomb Squad Commanders Advisory Board, Fuller worked closely with the FBI and the FBI Bomb Data Center in certify- ing bomb technicians, accrediting bomb squads, and setting standards for all the bomb squads in the United States. Fuller is now a consultant, specializ- ing in IEDs, Civil War Ordnance, and corporate security issues. He is a con- tributor toChapter 9. Heidi H. Harralson, M.A., D-BFDE, CDE Forensic Document Examiner Heidi Harralson is a board-certified forensic document examiner through the Board of Forensic Document Examiners (Diplomate) and the National Association of Document Examiners (CDE). She is also a certified grapholo- gist through the American Handwriting Analysis Foundation. She has been a certified handwriting expert since 1994. She has testified in both civil and criminal cases in the United States and internationally. She has degrees in the behavioral sciences, handwriting science, and forensic document exami- nation and a certificate as a forensic/crime scene technician. She is a pub- lished author and has conducted original research on the ink chemistry of gel pens, graphic disturbance, and motor control disorders and forgery. She is the author of Developments in Handwriting and Signature Identification in the Digital Age, published by Anderson Publishing. She is a contributor to Chapter11. Jimmie Hester Tennessee Highway Patrol (retired) Jimmie Hester was the special agent in charge of the Criminal Investigation Division of the Tennessee Highway Patrol. He retired from his 33-year law enforcement career in August 2005, and is currently working as the law Contributors xxi enforcement liaison for Tennessee LoJack Corporation. Hester led the developmentoftheAutoTheftDivisionfor theTennesseeHighwayPatroland over the years has investigated thousands of criminal cases involving vehicles, heavy equipment, chop shops, interstate property thefts, and other related crimes. He has lectured and taught for numerous national and regional train- ing academies as well as state and federal agencies and authored the Trailer Identification Manual distributed nationwide to law enforcement agencies. Together with Patricia Hester, he presents training seminars to agencies and professional organizations nationwide. Hester and Hester are adjunct instruc- tors for the National Forensic Academy at the University of Tennessee and have trained hundreds of criminal investigators on crime scene investigation, interview and interrogation, and crime related to vehicles and cargo trailers. HeisacontributortoChapter12. Patricia Hester Tennessee Highway Patrol (retired) PatriciaHesterretiredfromtheTennesseeHighwayPatrolandhasbeeninstru- mentalindevelopinganddeliveringtrainingacrosstheUnitedStatesformotor vehicle law enforcement officers. She specializes in vehicle identification and recovery,odometerfraud,titleanddriver’slicensefraud,andvehiclehomicide. She has 27 years of experience in the Criminal Investigations Division and is past president of the International Association of Auto Theft Investigators. Together with Jimmie Hester, she presents training seminars to agencies and professional organizations nationwide. Hester and Hester are adjunct instruc- tors for the National Forensic Academy at the University of Tennessee and have trained hundreds of criminal investigators on crime scene investigation, interviewandinterrogation,andcrimerelatedtovehiclesandcargotrailers.She isacontributortoChapter12. Rusty Horton South Carolina Farm Bureau Insurance Company’s Special Investigations Unit Rusty Horton is the field supervisor for the South Carolina Farm Bureau Insurance Company’s Special Investigations Unit (SIU). During his tenure with the Farm Bureau, Horton has specialized in the area of fire origin and cause investigations. Horton has 25 years of experience in the fire investiga- tion field, conducting both public and private sector fire investigations. He holds designations as an IAAI Certified Fire Investigator and a NAFI Certified