Creating Citizenship Communities This page intentionally left blank Creating Citizenship Communities Education, Young People and the Role of Schools Ian Davies UniversityofYork,UK Vanita Sundaram UniversityofYork,UK Gillian Hampden-Thompson UniversityofYork,UK Maria Tsouroufli LondonMetropolitanUniversity,UK George Bramley UniversityofBirmingham,UK Tony Breslin BreslinPublicPolicyLtd,UK Tony Thorpe IndependentEducationConsultant,UK ©IanDavies,VanitaSundaram,GillianHampden-Thompson,MariaTsouroufli, GeorgeBramley,TonyBreslinandTonyThorpe2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-36885-0 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. 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Contents ListofTables vi Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 1 WhyIstheAttempttoPromoteYouthEngagementa MajorInternationalIssue? 15 2 ExploringCitizenshipandCommunityinEducationin England 61 3 ResearchingYoungPeople’sEngagementinSociety 78 4 IssuesArisingfromaNationalSurveyofSchools 99 5 FindingsfromtheFocusGroups 127 6 CreatingCitizenshipCommunitiesthroughTeaching andLearning 153 7 CreatingCitizenshipCommunities:Lessonsand Recommendations–PullingtheThreadsTogether 188 References 214 Index 234 v Tables 1.1 Typesofcitizen(modifiedfromJohnsonandMorris 2010) 32 3.1 Characteristicsofsurveyrespondents 90 3.2 Representativenessofachievedsampleof schools 91 3.3 Schoolsthatparticipatedinfieldwork 93 3.4 Researchthemesandfieldstudyquestions 96 4.1 Inclusionofobjectivesandtargetsinschoolmission statementanddevelopmentplan 100 4.2 Aimsoftheirschools’activities(percent,N=119) 101 4.3 Perceptionsofstudents’characteristicsbeing ‘positives’or‘barriers’(percentageofrespondents, N=119) 102 4.4 Typesofstudentsconsideredmoreorlesslikelythan theirpeerstodovoluntaryworkortakepartin communityactivities(percent,N=119) 104 4.5 Perceptionsofstudents’capacitiesandsupport (percentagerespondents,N=119) 105 4.6 Strategiesreportedtolinkschoolwithlocal community(prompted)(N=119) 106 4.7 Typesofactivitiesprovidedbyschools(percent, N=119) 108 4.8 Approachesusedtodevelopspecificcapacities (percent,N=119) 111 4.9 Approachestoincludedisadvantagedstudentsin communityactivities(percent,N=119) 113 4.10 Identificationofopportunitiesforandconsolidation oflearningfromvolunteering 115 4.11 Students’senseofbelongingtoaparticular community(percent,N=119) 117 4.12 Students’motivationstovolunteerorparticipatein communityactivities(N=119) 119 vi ListofTables vii 4.13 Effectivenessofactivitiesinproducingpositive outcomesforstudents 122 4.14 Perceptionsofoveralleffectivenessofschool-wide approaches(percent,N=119) 124 Acknowledgements This book could not have been written without the support and guidanceofmanypeople. WewouldliketothanktheEsméeFairbairnFoundationforfund- ing the project ‘Creating Citizenship Communities through New Approaches to Learning’ (10–1102) that led to the writing of this book. Members of the Advisory Committee for the project were always supportive and constructive in their insightful comments, and we would like to thank Douglas Archibald, Tony Breslin, Mark Chater, Joe Feeney, David Kerr and Baroness Estelle Morris. Vitally importantpartsoftheworkforthatprojectwerecarriedoutbycol- leagues from the National Foundation for Educational Research. In particular, we would like to thank Pippa Lord and Jennifer Jeffes (the latter is now at the University of Durham). John Calhoun con- tributed significantly to the development of the literature review. Anthony Haynes offered very valuable advice on the development ofthethinkingthatledtoourbookproposaltoPalgraveMacmillan. Teachersandstudentsinschoolswereofenormoushelpintheirwill- ingness to provide data and to offer suggestions. Helen Price, Chris Hardwell,RichardJonesandCarolineMooreofferedveryhelpfulpro- fessionaladviceaboutthedevelopmentofthelearningandteaching materials. Our undergraduate research assistants – Natalie Cox, Hailey Kim, Jessica Lucas and Laura Nicklin – were always efficient and helpful. The administrative team, Yvonne Mason and Helen Laycock, pro- videdexcellentsupport.Therehavebeenmanypresentationsabout the project, and we are grateful to those many seminar and con- ference organisers in several countries who have offered support. We would like to mention in particular the staff at the House of Commons, London, where the project was launched in May 2013 andespeciallytheRightHonourableHazelBlearsMPwhohostedthe occasion. We thank Professor Reinhold Hedtke and the editorial board of theJournalofSocialScienceEducationfortheiracceptanceofaspecial viii Acknowledgements ix issue on citizenship and community that was edited by the project team. We are grateful to colleagues at citizED who have accepted and advised on papers delivered at their conferences and the exec- utivecommitteeoftheChildren’sIdentityandCitizenshipinEurope networkandtheirmembershipbodytheChildren’sIdentityandCit- izenshipinEuropeAssociation(CiCeA).Wewereparticularlypleased tobeabletohostajointconferenceofcitizEDandCiCeAattheUni- versityofYorkinMay2012wheretheconferencetitlewas‘Creating CitizenshipCommunities’. We thank the editorial board of the British Journal of Educational Studies (© Society for Educational Studies) which published some of the earlier work of the project, including an article from which are drawn elements of Chapters 1 and 2 of this book. That mate- rialwaspublishedas‘YoungPeople’sCommunityEngagement:What Does Research-Based and Other Literature Tell Us About Young Peo- ple’s Perspectives and the Impact of Schools Contributions?’ from British Journal of Educational Studies, 61 (3) 327–343 (Ian Davies, GillianHampden-Thompson,JohnCalhoun,GeorgeBramley,Maria Tsouroufli, Vanita Sundaram, Pippa Lord and Jennifer Jeffes) (see www.tandfonline.com). We are grateful to the Association for Citizenship Teaching, espe- cially their professional officer Chris Waller, and the editor of their journal Teaching Citizenship, Lee Jerome, who published four sum- maries of our work and who were always helpful. Professor Ikeno (Hiroshima University) and Professor Mizuyama (Kyoto University of Education) were kind enough to accept presentations emerging from the project at seminars and conferences in Japan and helped ustogaingreatercross-culturalunderstandingaboutcitizenshipand community. Wehaveliaisedwithotherconferencesandjournalsandhopethat theytoowillaccept ourthankswithoutfurtherelaboration(includ- ingmanyindividuals,forexample,NickJohnsonandPaulWarwick, whowerekindenoughtospeakataprojectseminarattheUniversity ofYork). WeareverygratefultoAndrewJamesandBethO’LearyofPalgrave Macmillan. Finally, and very importantly, we would like to thank all the young people and professionals who were willing to give their valuable time to complete our questionnaires, be interviewed and join focus groups to offer us their views about citizenship and