CRC DESK REFERENCE for NUTRITION Third Edition Carolyn D. Berdanier ^ CRC Press cJ* Taylor &. Francis Croup (=>^\\ lV-7.1 CRC Desk Reference Nutrition for Third Edition ■',i ■* nobiiJuH ^<3\_ KosuVi. CRC Desk Reference for Nutrition Third Edition Carolyn D. Berdanier CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business NORT ^ UNIVERSITY LIBRARY CLAvsS Go 2007609274 CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Version Date: 20110511 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4398-4844-9 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid¬ ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti¬ lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy¬ ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents List of Figures.vii List of Tables.xi List of Longer Topics.xiii Preface to the Third Edition.xv About the Author.xvii Acknowledgments for the Third Edition.xix How to Use This Book.xxi A.1 B.53 C.71 D.109 E.123 F.141 G.163 H.179 1.193 J.205 K.207 L.211 M.233 N.269 O.285 P.295 Q.355 R.357 S.373 T.403 U.431 ..433 V Contents VI W.463 X.465 Z.467 Appendix 1: General Guidelines for Food Selection to Optimize Health.469 Appendix 2: Metabolic Maps.471