Craig’s RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS THIRTEENTH EDITION EDITED BY Ronald L. Sakaguchi, DDS, MS, PhD, MBA AssociateDeanforResearchandInnovation Professor DivisionofBiomaterialsandBiomechanics DepartmentofRestorativeDentistry SchoolofDentistry OregonHealthandScienceUniversity Portland,Oregon John M. Powers, PhD Editor TheDentalAdvisor DentalConsultants,Inc AnnArbor,Michigan ProfessorofOralBiomaterials DepartmentofRestorativeDentistryandBiomaterials UTHealthSchoolofDentistry TheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston Houston,Texas 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 CRAIG’S RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS ISBN: 978-0-3230-8108-5 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1993, 1989, 1985, 1980, 1975, 1971, 1968, 1964, 1960 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or other- wise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Craig’s restorative dental materials / edited by Ronald L. Sakaguchi, John M. Powers. -- 13th ed. p. ; cm. Restorative dental materials Order of editors reversed on prev. ed. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-08108-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Dental materials. I. Sakaguchi, Ronald L. II. Powers, John M., 1946- III. Title: Restorative dental materials. [DNLM: 1. Dental Materials. 2. Dental Atraumatic Restorative Treatment. WU 190] RK652.5.P47 2012 617.6’95--dc23 2011015522 Vice President and Publishing Director: Linda Duncan Executive Editor: John J. Dolan Developmental Editor: Brian S. Loehr Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson/Hemamalini Rajendrababu Project Manager: Sara Alsup/Divya Krish Designer: Amy Buxton Printed in United States Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the many mentors and colleagues with whom we have collaborated. Contributors Roberto R. Braga, DDS, MS, PhD Grayson W. Marshall, DDS, MPH, PhD Professor Distinguished Professor and Chair Department of Dental Materials Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering School of Dentistry Vice-Chair, Department of Preventive and University of São Paulo Restorative Dental Sciences São Paulo, SP, Brazil School of Dentistry Chapter 5: Testing of Dental Materials and Biomechanics University of California San Francisco Chapter 13: Materials for Adhesion and Luting San Francisco, California Chapter 2: The Oral Environment Isabelle L. Denry, DDS, PhD Professor Sally J. Marshall, PhD Department of Prosthodontics and Dows Institute Vice Provost, Academic Affairs for Dental Research Director of the Office of Faculty Development and College of Dentistry Advancement The University of Iowa Distinguished Professor Division of Biomaterials Iowa City, Iowa and Bioengineering Chapter 11: Restorative Materials—Ceramics Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences Jack L. Ferracane, PhD School of Dentistry Professor and Chair University of California San Francisco Department of Restorative Dentistry San Francisco, California Division Director, Biomaterials and Biomechanics Chapter 2: The Oral Environment School of Dentistry Oregon Health & Science University John C. Mitchell, PhD Portland, Oregon Associate Professor Chapter 6: Biocompatibility and Tissue Reaction to Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics Biomaterials Department of Restorative Dentistry School of Dentistry Sharukh S. Khajotia, BDS, MS, PhD Oregon Health and Science University Professor and Chair Portland, Oregon Department of Restorative Dentistry Chapter 6: Biocompatibility and Tissue Reaction to College of Dentistry Biomaterials University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Chapter 15: Dental and Orofacial Implants Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Chapter 16: Tissue Engineering Chapter 2: The Oral Environment Sumita B. Mitra, PhD David B. Mahler, PhD Partner Professor Emeritus Mitra Chemical Consulting, LLC Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics West St. Paul, Minnesota Department of Restorative Dentistry Chapter 9: Restorative Materials—Polymers School of Dentistry Chapter 13: Materials for Adhesion and Luting Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon Kiersten L. Muenchinger, AB, MS Chapter 10: Restorative Materials—Metals Program Director and Associate Professor Product Design School of Architecture and Allied Arts University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon Chapter 3: Design Criteria for Restorative Dental Materials vii viii CONTRIBUTORS Carmem S. Pfeifer, DDS, PhD Ronald L. Sakaguchi, DDS, MS, PhD, MBA Research Assistant Professor Associate Dean for Research and Innovation Department of Craniofacial Biology Professor School of Dental Medicine Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics University of Colorado Department of Restorative Dentistry Aurora, Colorado School of Dentistry Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Materials Science Oregon Health and Science University Chapter 5: Testing of Dental Materials and Biomechanics Portland, Oregon Chapter 1: Role and Significance of Restorative Dental John M. Powers, PhD Materials Editor Chapter 3: Design Criteria for Restorative Dental Materials The Dental Advisor Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Materials Science Dental Consultants, Inc. Chapter 5: Testing of Dental Materials and Biomechanics Ann Arbor, Michigan Chapter 7: General Classes of Biomaterials Chapter 8: Preventive and Intermediary Materials Professor of Oral Biomaterials Chapter 9: Restorative Materials—Composites and Polymers Department of Restorative Dentistry Chapter 10: Restorative Materials—Metals and Biomaterials Chapter 14: Digital Imaging and Processing for UTHealth School of Dentistry Restorations The University of Texas Health Science Center Chapter 15: Dental and Orofacial Implants at Houston Houston, Texas Chapter 12: Replicating Materials—Impression and Casting Chapter 14: Digital Imaging and Processing for Restorations Preface The thirteenth edition of this classic textbook has Drs. David Mahler, Jack Mitchem and Jack Ferracane. been extensively rewritten to include the many The OHSU laboratory benefited from the contributions recent developments in dental biomaterials science of many visiting professors, post- doctoral fellows, and and new materials for clinical use. One of our goals graduate students, including Dr. Carmem Pfeifer who for this edition is to include more clinical applica- conducted her PhD research in our laboratory. Thanks tions and examples, with the hope that the book will to the many mentors who generously contributed be more useful to practicing clinicians. The book con- directly and indirectly to this edition of the book. tinues to be designed for predoctoral dental students We welcome the following new contributors to the and also provides an excellent update of dental bio- thirteenth edition and thank them for their effort and materials science and clinical applications of restor- expertise: Drs. Bill and Sally Marshall of University of ative materials for students in graduate programs California San Francisco (UCSF); Dr. Sumita Mitra of and residencies. Mitra Chemical Consulting, LLC, and many years at Dr. Ronald L. Sakaguchi is the new lead editor of 3M ESPE; Dr. Jack Ferracane of OHSU; Dr. Roberto the thirteenth edition. Dr. Sakaguchi earned a BS in Braga of the University of São Paulo; Dr. Sharukh cybernetics from University of California Los Angeles Khajotia of the University of Oklahoma; Dr. Carmem (UCLA), a DDS from Northwestern University, an MS Pfeifer of the University of Colorado, and Professor in prosthodontics from the University of Minnesota, Kiersten Muenchinger of the University of Oregon. and a PhD in biomaterials and biomechanics from We also thank the following returning authors for Thames Polytechnic (London, England; now the Uni- their valuable contributions and refinements of con- versity of Greenwich). He is currently Associate Dean tent in the thirteenth edition: Dr. David Mahler of for Research & Innovation and a professor in the Divi- OHSU, Dr. John Mitchell of OHSU, and Dr. Isabelle sion of Biomaterials & Biomechanics in the Depart- Denry of the University of Iowa, previously at The ment of Restorative Dentistry at Oregon Health & Ohio State University. Science University (OHSU) in Portland, Oregon. The organization of the thirteenth edition has been Dr. John M. Powers is the new co-editor of the modified extensively to reflect the sequence of content thirteenth edition. He served as the lead editor of the presented to predoctoral dental students at OHSU. twelfth edition and contributed to the previous eight Chapters are organized by major clinical procedures. editions. Dr. Powers earned a BS in chemistry and a Chapter 2 presents new content on enamel, dentin, PhD in mechanical engineering and dental materials the dentinoenamel junction, and biofilms. Chapter at the University of Michigan, was a faculty member 3, another new chapter, describes the concepts of at the School of Dentistry at the University of Michi- product design and their applications in restorative gan for a number of years, and is currently a professor material selection and treatment design. Fundamen- of oral biomaterials in the Department of Restorative tals of materials science, including the presentation Dentistry and Biomaterials at the UTHealth School of physical and mechanical properties, the concepts of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science of biomechanics, surface chemistry, and optical prop- Center at Houston. He was formerly Director of the erties, are consolidated in Chapter 4. Materials test- Houston Biomaterials Research Center. Dr. Powers is ing is discussed in extensively revised Chapter 5, also senior vice president of Dental Consultants, Inc., which has a greater emphasis on contemporary test- and is co-editor of The Dental Advisor. ing methods and standards. Chapter 14, new to this The team of editors and authors for the thirteenth edition, is devoted to digital imaging and processing edition spans three generations of dental research- techniques and the materials for those methods. All ers and educators. Dr. Sakaguchi received his first other chapters are reorganized and updated with the exposure to dental biomaterials science as a first-year most recent science and applications. dental student at Northwestern University Dental A website accompanies this textbook. Included is School. Drs. Bill and Sally Marshall were the instruc- the majority of the procedural, or materials handling, tors for those courses. After many years of men- content that was in the twelfth edition. The website can toring received from Drs. Bill Douglas and Ralph be found at http://evolve.elsevier.com/Sakaguchi/ DeLong, and Ms. Maria Pintado at the University restorative/, where you will also find mindmaps of of Minnesota, Dr. Sakaguchi joined the biomaterials each chapter and extensive text and graphics to sup- research team in the School of Dentistry at OHSU with plement the print version of the book. ix