CRAFTING CHARACTERS Crafting Characters Heroes and Heroines in the Ancient Greek Novel KOEN DE TEMMERMAN 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #KoenDeTemmerman2014 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2014 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013950548 ISBN 978–0–19–968614–8 PrintedinGreatBritainby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY Voor mijn ouders Acknowledgements ThisbookoriginatesfromadoctoralthesiswrittenpartlyatGhentUniversity and Swansea University, defended at Ghent in May 2006, and subsequently muchrevised.Ifirstcametothestudyofancientfictionasanundergraduate student and then wrote a master’s dissertation on historical elements in Chariton. It was Kristoffel Demoen’s teaching at Ghent that sparked my interest in questions of a literary and rhetorical nature. He has my eternal gratitude for supervising my doctoral thesis with a brilliant combination of scholarly expertise, shrewd judgement, and genuine warmth. I am equally grateful to John Morgan, who first suggested characterization to me as a promising research topic in the field of ancient fiction and later became a welcominghostatSwanseaandasplendidco-supervisor. Duringthemanyyearsthatthisbookhasbeeninthemaking,Ihavehadthe privilegeof pursuingresearch in variousother stimulatingacademicenviron- ments.Forbeinghospitableandsupportivehostsand/orforcommentingonmy work so insightfully, my warm thanks go to: Ewen Bowie, Stephen Harrison, andTimWhitmarshatCorpusChristiCollege,Oxford;DimitriGondicasand Froma Zeitlin at Princeton University; Maud Gleason, Richard Martin, and SusanStephensatStanfordUniversity;andKonstantinDoulamisatUniversity CollegeCork.IrenedeJong,DavidKonstan,SteliosPanayotakis,ChrisPelling, DannyPraet,andMaaikeZimmermangenerouslyprovidedadviceandinvalu- ablesupportduringdifferentstagesoftheproject.Ialsothank,forsuggestions, advice,orencouragement,EmmanuelBourbouhakis,GlenBowersock,Evelien Bracke,AngelosChaniotis,LeventeCtazack,WolfgangdeMelo,JanetDownie, RobertDuthoy,JoHeirman,Fritz-GregorHerrmann,BartKeunen,Alexander Loengarov,FiachraMacGóráin,GuntherMartens,GraemeMiles,Magdalena Öhrman, Anastasia-Erasmia Peponi, Mirjam Plantinga, Ian Repath, Stephen Trzaskoma, Brecht Van den Bossche, Koen Verboven, and Bart Vervaeck. Thanksforconvivialdiscussionand/ormuch-appreciatedhelpgotomycon- temporariesatGhentandSwansea:PieterBorghart,WannesGyselinck,Björn Isebaert, Meriel Jones, Yanick Maes, Sarah Maguire, Saiichiro Nakatani, Jan Nelis, Maria-Elpiniki Oikonomou, Mieke Penninck, Hilke Ros, and Jeremy Welch.Andfurtherbackintime,afewbrillianthighschoolteachersofLatin andGreek,andespeciallyHadewigKentaneandHarryRogge,mademerealize thatstudyingClassicsatuniversitywastheroadformetotake. Luca Graverini, Stephen Harrison, Meriel Jones, Manfred Kraus, Sophie Lalanne,SarahMaguire,EstherPaglialunga,LourdesRojasÁlvarez,Consuelo Ruiz-Montero, David Scourfield, Tim Whitmarsh, and Froma Zeitlin have viii Acknowledgements been generous enough to send me forthcoming work. I also thank Jim O’Driscoll for proofreading the manuscript and substantially improving my English. At Oxford University Press, the anonymous readers have offered excellent advice and criticism that have greatly improved the quality of the book,andHilaryO’Sheaandherteamhavetakenthisbookthroughthepress withadmirablecare anddiligence. Sections from Chapter1 have appeared in/are based on De Temmerman (2007a,2009a,2009b,2010a,2010b),whileafewparagraphsfromChapters3, 4, and 5 have appeared in De Temmerman (2012c, 2012d) and De Temmer- manandDemoen(2011).IsincerelythanktheUniversityofCaliforniaPress, Brill, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Cambridge University Press, and,inonecase,myco-authorfortheirkindpermissiontoreusethismaterial. I am grateful to the Flemish Research Council (F.W.O.-Vlaanderen, Belgium) for the financial support of the Ph.D. fellowship from which this bookoriginatesandthepostdoctoralfellowshipduringwhichitwasfinalized. Further thanks for such support go to Ghent University’s Research Council, theBelgian AmericanEducational Foundation,the UniversityFoundationof Belgium,andtheStanleyJ.Seeger’52CenterforHellenicStudiesatPrinceton University. Andlastbutbynomeansleast,profoundthanksgotoLieselot,mywife,for her love, laughs, patience, help, and advice; to Bart, my brother, for moral supportandwit;tomycaringandadmirablegrandparents;andtomyloving parents,IgnaceandLinda,towhomIproudlyandaffectionatelydedicatethis book. KoenDeTemmerman August2013 PublishedwiththesupportoftheUniversityFoundationofBelgium. Contents Abbreviations xi EditionsandTranslations xxi Introduction:character,techniquesofcharacterization,andthe ancientGreeknovel 1 0.1 Typificationandindividuation 8 0.2 Idealisticandrealisticcharacterization 15 0.3 Staticanddynamiccharacters 18 0.4 Techniquesofcharacterization:ancientrhetoricand modernnarratology 26 1. Chariton 46 1.1 Introducing‘ideal’character 46 1.2 Ambiguoussôphrosynê 50 1.3 UnderstandingCallirhoe 61 1.4 Heroicchange? 82 1.5 Concludingremarks 114 2. XenophonofEphesus 118 2.1 Xenophonandapheleia 118 2.2 Distancingdevices 123 2.3 Metonymicalcharacterization 130 2.4 Metaphoricalcharacterization 141 2.5 Concludingremarks 148 3. AchillesTatius 152 3.1 Clitophon’sintroduction 152 3.2 Clitophon’ssôphrosynê 158 3.3 Clitophonthewise 176 3.4 Theheroine 187 3.5 Concludingremarks 202 4. Longus 206 4.1 Paideia,pivotalmoments,andterpsis 208 4.2 Ignorance 212 4.3 Emotionaldominance 217 4.4 Rhetoricalandsocialskills 230 4.5 Concludingremarks 244