GLOSSARY OF UNUSUAL AND LITTLE-USED TERMS IN COLONIAL BRITISH AMERICA: MARYLAND COURT RECORDS 1600s James Edward Jensen Copyright © 2004 by Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture at Salisbury University Rebecca Miller, Director 1101 Camden Avenue Salisbury, MD 21801 (410) 543-6312 http://nabbhistory.salisbury.edu 2 PREFACE The offer to complete this project came to my attention as a work in progress of a previous graduate student, Kevin Russell. At the time this project was presented to me it consisted of many terms, some of which were followed by brief definitions and a few assorted pictures. It was with great enthusiasm that I gladly began the undertaking of completing this project. After rewriting the complete text, completing the research, and restructuring the presentation, I hopefully leave the future researcher with a valuable tool. James E. Jensen, BA Salisbury University Salisbury, Maryland September 2003 Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture 3 INTRODUCTION Historians have the job of piecing together the past from documentation and artifacts both discovered and unearthed, transcribed and reconstructed, and translated and analyzed respectively. However, once an object is found, the lengthy process of researching its story begins. This research aid is intended to assist those researching court documents from the colonial period of American history, specifically the later half of the seventeenth century. The bulk of the terms and expressions found in this glossary have been collected from hand-written documents from the area of Somerset County dating from 1665 through to 1700. Although the locus of the primary source material is specific to one county this aid will prove useful to any researcher that comes across an unusual or little-used term from the colonial period. Found in a variety of documents from inventories to wills these seemingly bizarre words come to life once the reader can attach a meaning. Although hand-written documents in the colonial period utilize different spellings for the same word, where most are still spelled phonetically and by simply adding or dropping a letter one may find the term within this aid. To assist the researcher, colloquial variations in spelling have been included between brackets following each applicable entry. Therefore, by examining a term’s meaning, in a specific context, the information found within this glossary can provide the researcher with a better understanding. In an effort to help reconstruct the past, this research aid is designed to assist the researcher in creating a biographical sketch of an individual or family by providing clues pertaining to occupations and social station. Hopefully, this glossary will facilitate research pertaining to the Eastern Shore’s colonial period. Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture 4 A Adze – An implement of varying sizes with varying blades, used to hollow out wood. Usually belonging to a skilled craftsman and not a carpenter, e.g., “’To an ould adze’ was written in the cabinet maker’s inventory.” Alchemy spoons (occamy or occany spoons) – spoons made from an alloy of common metals and chemicals, often containing brass or copper in an attempt to resemble gold, e.g., “she had the finest alchemy flatware on her table.” Allam – see Alum. Alum (allam) – a chemical that was used in baking powder, to render water clear, and also for medicinal purposes, where it was taken ether internally or topically, e.g., “Alice’s inventory listed two pounds of allam and other baking ingredients such as sugar and honey.” Andirons – Iron supports used to keep logs off of the chimney floor when burning also called creepers, e.g., “To my sonne John I bequeath my andirons.” See also dogs. Anvil – an extremely heavy iron-shaping implement. Used by a blacksmith to pound out metal into various shapes, e.g., “He used his smaller anvil to shape the new horse shoes.” Auger – a tool that was used to bore holes into wood, leather, and even the ground, e.g., “Edward used an auger to cut into the door frame before he affixed the door.” Aule (aull or awl) – a tool made of iron that was used to pierce leather and was used by shoemakers and saddle makers, e.g., “an aule and several lengths of leather string, were listed in William the shoemaker’s inventory.” Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture 5 Avoirdupois weight (averdepois) – a basic measuring system, which had one pound being comprised of sixteen ounces and each ounce therein further divided into sixteen drams. B Backsword – A sword with one sharpened edge, e.g., “the boys played single-stick (fencing) with two old backswords.” Bandstrings – cords used to fasten collar together in front, later were ornamented with silk and lace. Barrowes – (plural) for castrated boars or male pigs, e.g., “John Jackson’s inventory made reference to one barrowe, one sowe, and 5 pigges.” Beaker – a cup or glass used as a drinking vessel, e.g., “William’s inventory revealed four silver beakers.” Beakhorne (beakiron) – from the word beak, i) to bask in the heat 2) a iron situated over a fire from which hung boilers; beakiron a tool used by blacksmiths, e.g., “since his inventory listed a beakiron, Alexander was probably a blacksmith.” Bedstead – a bed frame, usually made of wood with rope crisscrossed over it onto which a bolster or tick was placed, e.g., “Richard had two bedsteads and two pillows in his inventory.” Bed ticking (tick or ticking bag) – a mattress made of a rough canvas or oznaburg fabric that was usually stuffed with straw, feathers, or rags (Flock), e.g., “’two ticks’ were listed in the inventory of John Smith, which referred to his two mattresses.” Bell mettle pestle and mortar – see mortar and pestle. Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture 6 Belmettel – an alloy of two metals, made from combining 4 parts copper to 1 part tin and was generally used in the fabrication of bells, although other uses are found, e.g., “the inventory listed a belmettel pot and some spoons.” Bellows – used to pump air into a fire, via a small tube, when burning fuels such as wood or coal. This process allows the fire to reach higher temperatures, e.g., “the blacksmith labored at his bellows to get the fire hot enough to melt the iron.” Birding piece – see fowling piece. Black crepe – see crepe. Bleed (Bleeding) – the practice of phlebotomy, through which it was believed that letting the blood of a sick individual run from their veins would flush out and ailment he or she suffered, also used on animals, see fleem, e.g., “the doctor would often prefer to administer medicine rather than bleed his patients.” Blood porringer – see porringer. Bolster (boulster) – a thin pad that was used to lie upon. Sometimes these were used as under padding for bed ticking and were stuffed with feathers, straw, or flock, e.g., “Margaret’s inventory listed a feather boulster and two pillows.” Bottles – a ceramic or glass container used to store liquor indoors as well as to transport liquor to the fields, e.g., “Richard often brought a bottle when he walked out into his crop fields.” Boutry gall – gall, or nutgall, refers to a nut-shaped swelling of plant tissue, caused by an infection of bacteria, parasite or virus, which was largely used as a commercial source of tannin, e.g., “Mr. Robinson’s inventory listed oddities such as a pair of alchemy spoons and a parcel of boutry gall.” Branding iron – a tool that was used to permanently mark an animal with its owner’s symbol done by heating up the tool so that it scar the hide, also known as a marking iron, e.g., “Mr. Scarborough always had his ‘X’ mark branded on his cows.” Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture 7 Brase sasepan (brass saucepan) – a cooking pan used either to boil or fry food that is being prepared. This particular use presents a more luxurious model when compared to the iron skillet, e.g., “unto my sone John I bequeath my brase saucepan.” Brazier (brasier) – a modified cooking pan, designed as a vessel for both hot coals and embers. With a tripod construction this portable element was used as a heat source for cooking, e.g., “Mrs. Jackson loved to cook an early morning meal on her new brasier.” Also, referring to one who worked with brass, e.g., “his inventory listed an anvil and other tools used by a brazier.” Breeches – common early male apparel, usually tied below the knee leaving the remainder of the leg dressed in stockings, e.g., “one handkerchief, white breeches, and one pair of old stockings were listed in Phillip Davis’ inventory.” Broadaxe – an axe that characteristically had only one broad and flat cutting edge, also known as a goosewing for its appearance, e.g., “the boat’s mast was hewn from a single timber with a broadaxe.” Buckram – a stiff and course cloth, made of linen, which was put under garments to provide a stiff appearance; also, used in book binding, e.g., “the clerk of the court had his ledger bound in buckram and not leather.” Busk (busking) – made of either metal or the cartilage from the mouth of a whale and was used to reinforce women’s stays, much like a corset, e.g., “whalebone busking was sited in Mary’s will, which she bequeathed to her sister Anne.” Buttermold – a mold, usually made of wood, which would be used to stamp a design into a measured amount of butter as the operator depressed its plunger; e.g., “Abigail loved to use her buttermold with the floral motif, which left the impression of a rose – her favorite flower.” Bruckle – a term to describe something as being wet and dirty, e.g., “his inventory lists a broken bruckle bedstead.” Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture 8 C Caddoes (caddow) – a quilt or covering made of a coarse wool, e.g., “’a yard or towe of ribbynige and a caddow’ were found listed in her inventory.” Cauldron (coldron) – a great pot or large kettle, which was used to cook by boiling or simmering and either hung over a fire or stood on three legs, e.g., “his inventory revealed one small kettle and an ould cauldron with a hole.” Calico – an originally imported cotton cloth from Callicut, in India, sometimes designs were painted on it, e.g., “Alice had a calico pinafore.” Camlet (camblet) – a beautifully rich fabric made from blending both silk and the hair of a camel, e.g., “in his father’s will the camlet coat was left to John, Stephen’s older brother.” Candlestick – a candlestick was used to carry or simply anchor a candle as it burned, a common item since candles were used often for light and made of a resilient metal such as pewter, e.g., “the inventory revealed that Caroline had two pewter candlesticks and a snuffer.” Cannister – a basket or other small vessel used to carry objects, also used when referring to an early artillery shell that would launch smaller projectiles from within, e.g., “Anne had a little cannister that she used to house her extra buttons.” Cantharides – a plural form of cantharis, a metallic green beetle originating in central and southern Europe. Also known as Spanish fly, referring to the beetle, which in a dried form was used both as an aphrodisiac and as a blister ointment, e.g., “Jonathan’s inventory listed several ointments and herbs, including cantharides, therefore he may have been a physician of sorts.” Canvas – usually referring to a heavy cotton or linen fabric made from flax, e.g., “6 yards of canvas was revealed in Jane Smyth’s inventory.” Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture 9 Cart & wheels – an animal drawn device used to haul a variety of goods or other items, usually consisting of a platform of wood and a set of two wheels, e.g., “the men would transport goods from the wharf to their homes on a horse drawn cart, since the roads were uneven.” Cask – a vessel shaped like a barrel, constructed of staves, headings and hoops and was used to transport liquids. Also known as a hogshead, roughly the equivalent of sixty-three gallons, e.g., “3oo pounds of Chesapeake tobacco, a cask of salted troutes and a hogshead of corne to be given to my sone John Smith.” Casque – to a protective helmet, usually worn by a soldier in times of battle to prevent injury, from the French word for hat, e.g., “William’s inventory revealed one sorry musket and a casque, perhaps he was a military man.” Casters – a set of vials or vessels used to contain household condiments, also referring to a cloak [slang] or a hat made from beaver fur [castor], e.g., “’one chafing dish and pewter caster’ were listed in her inventory.” Cattale bed (Cattail) – a tick stuffed with the shredded tops from a cattail, a weed that grows in marshy areas of which the roots are edible and from which the dried leaves could be used to weave baskets, e.g., “’one feather bulster and a cattale bed’ was revealed in his inventory.” Chafing dish – a portable vessel, which was comprised of a dish that rested over a small grate of hot coals, used for heating water or keeping prepared food warm while on the table, e.g., “among his other table-top accessories of a canister and knives and forks, Edmund mostly enjoyed his new chafing dish.” Chamber pot – a bedroom or bedchamber vessel that was used to collect urine, e.g., “Susan was much happier with using the chamber pot that going to the outhouse on cold nights.” Chattel – used to describe objects that were owned by one specific individual, e.g., “The true inventory of the property and chattel of Obedience Robins.” Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture 10 Chirurgeon – an early form of the modern word surgeon, a person associated with setting broken bones and limited operations such as extracting teeth, e.g., “The inventory of John Marshall chirurgeon…” Chisels – an edged implement used to shape wood or to make a deep cut; several types can be found from farming, wood, gooseneck, mortise, corner, paring, socket-lock, skew, and slick, e.g., “To a parcel of chisels and an old saw.” Churn – used as both a noun and a verb. Made of wood, this barrel-like container was used to combine both milk and cream from which butter was made through a process of agitation, e.g., “Alice churned butter every week, she had a wooden churn.” Cider house – a small one room structure, usually situated on a plantation with numerous apple trees and was used to produce cider; which is a beverage made from apples and was widely used as a substitute for water, since the eastern Shore’s water was often found to have a high salinity level that causing illness. Claw hammer – a metal tool that was used for pounding, the claw used to pull nails out; there were various types such as: claw, cobbler’s, cooper’s, and veneer – e.g., “Edmund’s inventory revealed one claw hammer and a parcel of nails.” Clothes smoothers – see smoothing iron. Clyster – see Glister pipes. Cobbler – one who only repaired shoes or boots and was not skilled enough to actually make either, see shoemaker, e.g., “there were no shoemakers around so the local people often had the cobbler mend their old footwear.” Colander – metal vessel with holes in the bottom, used to drain excess water from foods after boiling, e.g., “she tasted the soup and then upon her satisfaction brought out her colander to remove the bones before giving it to her ill father.” Copyright © 2004, Revised, James Edward Jensen, The Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture