This page intentionally left blank COURT AND POLITICS IN PAPAL ROME This book attempts to overcome the traditional historiographical ap- proachtotheroleoftheearlymodernpapacybyfocusingontheactual mechanisms of power in the papal court. The period covered extends from the Renaissance to the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648,afterwhichthepapacywasreducedtoamainlyspiritualrole. BasedonnewresearchinItalianandotherEuropeanarchives,thebook concentrates on the factions at the Roman court and in the College of Cardinals. The Sacred College came under great international pressure during the election of a new pope, and consequently such figures as foreignambassadorsandforeigncardinalsareexamined,aswellaspolitical liaisonsandsocialcontactsatcourt.Finally,thebookincludesananalysis oftheambiguousnatureofRomanceremonial,whichwasbothreligious and secular: a reflection of the power struggle both in Rome and in Europe. gianvittoriosignorotto is Professor of Early Modern History, Universita` degliStudidiUrbino,Italy. mariaantoniettaviscegliaisProfessorofEarlyModernHistory, Universita` degliStudidiRoma‘LaSapienza’. cambridge studies in italian history and culture Editedby gigliola fragnito, Universita` degliStudi,Parma cesare mozzarelli, Universita` CattolicadelSacroCuore,Milan robert oresko, InstituteofHistoricalResearch, UniversityofLondon and geoffrey symcox, UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles This series comprises monographs and a variety of collaborative volumes, in- cluding translated works, which concentrate on the period of Italian history from late medieval times up to the Risorgimento. The editors aim to stimu- late scholarly debate over a range of issues which have not hitherto received, inEnglish,theattentiontheydeserve.Asitdevelops,theserieswillemphasize theinterestandvigourofcurrentinternationaldebatesonthiscentralperiodof ItalianhistoryandthepersistentinfluenceofItaliancultureontherestofEurope. Foralistoftitlesintheseries,seeendofbook COURT AND POLITICS IN PAPAL ROME,1492--1700 EDITED BY GIANVITTORIO SIGNOROTTO AND MARIA ANTONIETTA VISCEGLIA           The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom    The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org ©Cambridge University Press 2004 First published in printed format 2002 ISBN 0-511-04032-6 eBook (netLibrary) ISBN 0-521-64146-2 hardback CONTENTS List of abbreviations page vii Introduction 1 gianvittorio signorotto and maria antonietta visceglia 1 A turning-point in the history of the factional system in the Sacred College: the power of pope and cardinals in the age of Alexander VI 8 marco p ellegrini 2 Court and city in the ceremony of the possesso in the sixteenth century 31 irene fosi 3 ‘Rome,workshopofallthepracticesoftheworld’:fromthe letters of Cardinal Ferdinando de’ Medici to Cosimo I and Francesco I 53 elena fasano guarini 4 The ‘world’s theatre’: the court of Rome and politics in the first half of the seventeenth century 78 mario rosa 5 Factions in the Sacred College in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 99 maria antonietta visceglia 6 The Secretariat of State as the pope’s special ministry 132 antonio menniti ip p olito v vi contents 7 The cardinal-protectors of the crowns in the Roman curia during the first half of the seventeenth century: the case of France 158 olivier p oncet 8 The squadrone volante: ‘independent’ cardinals and European politics in the second half of the seventeenth century 177 gianvittorio signorotto 9 Roman avvisi: information and politics in the seventeenth century 212 mario infelise 10 Hegemony over the social scene and zealous popes (1676–1700) 229 renata ago Index 247 AB B REVIATIONS AC Archivio Capitolino, Rome ADP Archivio Doria Pamphili, Rome AHNM Archivo Histo´rico Nacional, Madrid AGS Archivo General, Simancas AMAE Archivo Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Madrid AMAEt Archives du Ministe`re des Affaires Etrange`res, Paris APF Archivio della Congregazione de Propaganda Fide, Rome ARSI Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu, Rome ASB Archivio di Stato, Bologna ASDMi Archivio Storico Diocesano, Milan ASF Archivio di Stato, Florence Mediceo del Principato = MP ASGe Archivio di Stato, Genoa ASL Archivio di Stato, Lucca ASM Archivio di Stato, Mantua ASMo Archivio di Stato, Modena ASP Archivio di Stato, Parma ASR Archivio di Stato, Rome AST Archivio di Stato, Turin ASV Archivio Segreto Vaticano ASVe Archivio di Stato, Venice BA Biblioteca Angelica, Rome BAV Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Barb. Lat. Barberini Latini ( ms.) Vat. Lat. Vaticani Latini ( ms.) Urb. Lat. Urbinati Latini ( ms.) Ottob. Lat. Ottoboniani Latini ( ms.) Chigi Chigiani ( ms.) vii viii list of abbreviations BL British Library, London BM Biblioteca Marciana, Venice BMC Biblioteca del Civico Museo Correr, Venice BNCVE Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome BNF Bibliothe`que Nationale de France, Paris BNM Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid HHStA Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna DBI Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Rome, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960– .