Cottrell and Patel’s NEUROANESTHESIA This page intentionally left blank Cottrell and Patel’s NEUROANESTHESIA SIXTH EDITION Edited by James E. Cottrell MD FRCA Dean for Clinical Practice Distinguished Service Professor Chair, Department of Anesthesiology SUNY Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, New York Piyush Patel MD Professor of Anesthesiology University of California San Diego; Staff Anesthesiologist VA Medical Center San Diego, California Foreword by David S. Warner MD Distinguished Professor Department of Anesthesiology Duke Univeristy School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2017 © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 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It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-323-35944-3 Printed in United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Executive Content Strategist: William R. Schmitt/Dolores Meloni Content Development Specialist: Helen Leng Content Coordinator: Latha Vadivelu Senior Project Manager: Beula Christopher King Designer: Miles Hitchen Illustration Manager: Lesley Frazier Marketing Manager: Melissa Fogarty Dedication to William L. Young, MD (1954 – 2013) William (Bill) Young served as co-editor of the previous edi- tion. Working with Bill was like having problems solved before I noticed them. Bill was a remarkable clinician scientist who made a num- ber of seminal contributions. Chief amongst these was the fundamental change in our understanding of the pathogen- esis and treatment of arteriovenous malformations. Bill pro- posed a radical hypothesis wherein he posited that AVMs are an acquired postnatal phenomenon in patients who have an underlying genetic susceptibility and that vascular growth factors are key to the unregulated vessel growth. With the support of preclinical data, generated primarily by Bill, he initiated Phase I trials of bevacizumab for high-risk patients with AVMs for whom conventional therapy was not feasi- ble. This was the first new medical treatment of AVMs for two decades. A logical extension of the premise that AVMs are acquired in genetically susceptible individuals is genetic screening to identify at-risk patients and the development of biomarkers for purposes of risk stratification. Bill organized an international collaboration to evaluate gene loci associated with AVM development and identification of risk factors for AVM rupture. This is a remarkable record of achievement. Bill was one of the few clinician scientists able to bring ba- sic discoveries in the laboratory to the clinic for the difficult management of patients with AVMs. I first met Bill at NYU when he started as a resident, all hungry for knowledge and with a relentless energy. Bill’s many contributions were outlined in a tribute by David S. Warner and William Lanier in the Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology Vol. 26, #1, January 2014. Perhaps his greatest contribution was bringing like-minded people together, whether it was in music, science, travel or simply friendship. Thank you, Bill. Acknowledgment We thank our respective departments of anesthesiology, Leng and William R. Schmitt; and especially the contributing each of which has provided, despite recent economic adver- authors whose expertise has been particularly important in sity, the practical and intellectual background that makes it making this edition possible. We also thank our families for possible for colleagues like ourselves to write, assemble, and helping us find time to complete such an undertaking. edit such books as Cottrell and Patel’s Neuroanesthesia. Special thanks are also due to David S. Warner for the new Foreword; James E Cottrell, MD, FRCA Theon Doobay for editorial assistance; Tania Baron for co- Piyush Patel, MD ordinating the project; the publishing staff at Elsevier, Helen Contents Foreword, ix Chapter 14 Interventional Neuroradiology Anesthetic Preface, x Management, 248 List of Contributors, xi P.O. Talke • C.F. Dowd • C.Z. Lee Chapter 15 Anesthetic Considerations for Surgical Chapter 1 Brain Metabolism, the Pathophysiology Resection of Brain Arteriovenous of Brain Injury, and Potential Beneficial Malformations, 263 Agents and Techniques, 1 C.Z. Lee • P.O. Talke • M.T. Lawton I.S. Kass • J.E. Cottrell • A.E. Abramowicz • J.Y. Hou • B. Lei Chapter 16 Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease: Anesthetic Considerations, 277 Chapter 2 Cerebral and Spinal Cord Blood Flow, 19 I.A. Herrick • J. Chui • R.T. Higashida • A.W. Gelb J.A. Ellis • G.T. Yocum • E. Ornstein • S. Joshi Chapter 17 Awake Craniotomy, Epilepsy, Minimally Chapter 3 Cerebrospinal Fluid, 59 Invasive and Robotic Surgery, 298 A.A. Artru L. Emory • A. Schubert Chapter 4 Effects of Anesthetic Agents and Other Chapter 18 Stereotactic Surgery, Deep Brain Drugs on Cerebral Blood Flow, Metabolism, Stimulation, Brain Biopsy, and Gene and Intracranial Pressure, 74 Therapies, 317 M. Matsumoto • T. Sakabe P.H. Manninen • L. Venkatraghavan Chapter 5 Modern Neuroradiology Relevant to Chapter 19 Perioperative Management of Adult Anesthetic and Perioperative Patients with Severe Head Injury, 326 Management, 91 R.D. Phan • A.A. Bendo T. Rizvi • M. Wintermark Chapter 20 Pediatric Neuroanesthesia and Chapter 6 Evoked Potentials, 114 Critical Care, 337 T.B. Sloan • L.C. Jameson • D.J. Janik • A. Koht S.G. Soriano III • M.L. McManus Chapter 7 Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography Chapter 21 Neurosurgical Diseases and Trauma of in Anesthesia and Neurosurgery, 127 the Spine and Spinal Cord: Anesthetic B. Matta • M. Czosnyka Considerations, 351 Chapter 8 Multi-modality Neurologic Monitoring, 142 G.R. Stier • F. Asgarzadie • D.J. Cole M.A. Kirkman • M. Smith Chapter 22 Neurologic Disease and Anesthesia, 399 Chapter 9 Fluid Management During Craniotomy, 152 M.B. Friese • G. Crosby • D.J. Culley K. Vagnerova • R. Rusa Chapter 23 Postoperative and Intensive Care Chapter 10 Care of the Acutely Unstable Patient, 166 Including Head Injury and Multisystem Sequelae, 410 R. Kutteruf • I. Rozet • K.B. Domino S.H. Worah • A. Minokadeh Chapter 11 Supratentorial Masses: Anesthetic Considerations, 189 Chapter 24 Chronic Pain Management, 424 N.J. Bruder • P. Ravussin • P. Schoettker J.E. Pope • T.R. Deer Chapter 12 Anesthetic Management for Posterior Chapter 25 Anesthesia for Neurosurgery in the Fossa Surgery, 209 Pregnant Patient, 433 R.A. Schlichter • D.S. Smith D.J. Wlody • D.R. Gambling • T.L. Griffiths Chapter 13 Anesthetic Management of Cerebral Chapter 26 Ethical Considerations in the Care of Aneurysm Surgery, 222 Patients with Neurosurgical Disease, 444 R.P. Pong • A.M. Lam J.D. Moreno • S.T. DeKosky s Chapter 27 The Pituitary Gland and Associated Chapter 29 Future Advances in Neuroanesthesia, 475 t en Pathologic States, 458 W.A. Kofke • J. Hensley nt S.C. Daly • H.S. U • J.C. Drummond o Index, 490 C Chapter 28 Information Management and Technology, 468 P.J. St. Jacques • J.M. Ehrenfeld viii