David D. Fang Editor Cotton Fiber: Physics, Chemistry and Biology Cotton Fiber: Physics, Chemistry and Biology David D. Fang Editor Cotton Fiber: Physics, Chemistry and Biology Editor David D. Fang Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center New Orleans, LA, USA ISBN 978-3-030-00870-3 ISBN 978-3-030-00871-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00871-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960762 © This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Cotton fiber is the most important natural fiber used in the textile industry. The physical structure and chemical compositions of cotton fibers have been extensively studied. Newer high-speed spinning instruments are being deployed around the world that demand longer, stronger, and finer fibers. Consequently, genetic improve- ment in fiber quality has been stressed. With improvement in fiber quality has come the realization that further fiber improvement will require a better understanding of fiber development and biology. As a consequence, cotton fiber developmental biol- ogy, genetics, and genomics have become focal points in the cotton research com- munity. As the longest single-celled plant hair, cotton fiber has been used as an experiment model to study trichome initiation and elongation in plants. This book provides a comprehensive update on cotton fiber physics, chemistry, and biology that naturally separate the book into three sections. In the physics section, the physi- cal structure of cotton fiber is first illustrated in great detail. Then a suite of fiber properties and their measuring methods are described. The pros and cons of each method are outlined. New methods to measure physical properties of single fiber and young developing fibers are included. In the chemistry section, the chemical compositions of cotton fibers are described in detail. This knowledge is necessary for efficient modification of cotton fibers for better and broader utilization. The advancement in cotton fiber modification using chemical and enzymatic methods opened new ways to utilize cotton fibers. In the biology section, the book first intro- duces the utilization of naturally occurring color cottons. Color cottons possess unique attributes such as better fire retardant ability. Advancement in understanding fiber color genetics and biochemical pathways and new utilization of color cottons are discussed. Recent technological advancements in molecular biology and genom- ics have enabled us to study fiber development in great depth. Many genes and quantitative trait loci related to fiber quality attributes have been identified and genetically mapped. Some of these genes and QTLs are being used in breeding. Progresses in cotton fiber improvement using breeding and biotechnology are dis- cussed in the last chapter. This book serves as a reference for researchers, students, processors, and regulators who either conduct research in cotton fiber improvement or utilize cotton fibers. v vi Preface I greatly appreciate all the authors who contributed excellent work to this book. I also thank my employer, USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), where most contributors are employed. Cotton fiber research and utilization has been a major research component at SRRC since its establishment in 1939. Many research results described in this book are from SRRC. New Orleans, LA, USA David D. Fang Contents 1 G eneral Description of Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 David D. Fang 2 C otton Fiber Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Alfred D. French and Hee Jin Kim 3 P hysical Properties of Cotton Fiber and Their Measurement . . . . . . 41 Christopher D. Delhom, Brendan Kelly, and Vikki Martin 4 C hemical Composition and Characterization of Cotton Fibers . . . . . 75 Yongliang Liu 5 C hemical Properties of Cotton Fiber and Chemical Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Noureddine Abidi 6 C olor Cotton and Its Utilization in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Wenfang Gong, Xiongming Du, Yinhua Jia, and Zhaoe Pan 7 C otton Fiber Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Hee Jin Kim 8 C otton Fiber Genes and Stable Quantitative Trait Loci . . . . . . . . . . . 151 David D. Fang 9 A dvances in Understanding of Cotton Fiber Cell Differentiation and Elongation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Marina Naoumkina 10 C otton Fiber Improvement Through Breeding and Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 B. Todd Campbell, Jane K. Dever, Kari L. Hugie, and Carol M. Kelly Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 vii Contributors Noureddine Abidi Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA B. Todd Campbell USDA-ARS Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, Florence, SC, USA Christopher D. Delhom Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, USDA- ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Jane K. Dever Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Lubbock, TX, USA Xiongming Du Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, China David D. Fang Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Alfred D. French Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Wenfang Gong Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, China Kari L. Hugie USDA-ARS Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, Florence, SC, USA Yinhua  Jia Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, China Carol M. Kelly Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Lubbock, TX, USA Brendan Kelly Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA Texas A&M Agrilife Research, Lubbock, TX, USA ix x Contributors Hee Jin Kim Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Yongliang Liu Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Vikki Martin Cotton Incorporated, Cary, NC, USA Marina  Naoumkina Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Zhaoe  Pan Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS)/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, Henan, China About the Editor David D. Fang is a Supervisory Research Geneticist and Research Leader of the Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. He leads a team to study cotton fiber development using biochemical, genetic, molecular, and genomic methods and technologies. His research interests focus on two aspects: (1) identification of superior fiber alleles and quantitative trait loci based on the analysis of MAGIC populations, and use them in breeding with the assis- tance of DNA markers; (2) elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of fiber devel- opment especially elongation and secondary cell wall thickening through comparative analyses of fiber mutants and their respective wild types. Prior to the current position, he was the Molecular Cotton Breeder, and Director of Molecular Cotton Breeding at Delta and Pine Land Company. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1990 from Huazhong Agricultural University, China. xi