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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Cosmopolitanism in a Multipolar World Soft Sovereignty in Democratic Regional Powers Johannes Plagemann Research Fellow, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies © Johannes Plagemann 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–1–137–48821–3 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Für Nina und Clara Contents Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms x Introduction 1 1 Cosmopolitanism, Sovereignty, and Multipolarity 5 1.1 Regional and rising powers in international political theory 9 1.2 Cosmopolitanism 19 1.3 Cosmopolitan sovereignty and practice dependency 35 2 The Transformation of Sovereignty 45 2.1 Sovereignty on the subnational level 4 7 2.2 Sovereignty on the transnational level 4 9 2.3 Sovereignty on the supranational level 5 2 3 The Transformation of Sovereignty in Brazil 55 3.1 Subnational level 5 6 3.2 Transnational level 6 4 3.3 Supranational level 7 6 3.4 Brazil: conclusion 9 4 4 The Transformation of Sovereignty in India 1 00 4.1 Subnational level 1 02 4.2 Transnational level 1 18 4.3 Supranational level 1 30 4.4 India: conclusion 1 49 5 The Transformation of Sovereignty in South Africa 154 5.1 Subnational level 1 56 5.2 Transnational level 1 66 5.3 Supranational level 1 76 5.4 South Africa: conclusion 1 93 6 Soft Sovereignty and Fact-Sensitive Cosmopolitanism 199 6.1 Soft sovereignty and complex multipolarity 2 01 6.2 Complex multipolarity and cosmopolitanism 219 6.3 A moderate, plural, and embedded cosmopolitanism for a complex and multipolar world 2 28 vii viii Contents Conclusion 240 Appendix 246 Notes 248 Bibliography 264 Index 291 Acknowledgements I thank the people with whom I conducted interviews in South Africa, Brazil, India, and Germany for generously sharing their experiences with me. As a researcher based at the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, I have appreciated immensely the helpful input from my colleagues as well as the generous funding for field research. I am also appreciative of the support of Dirk Nabers and Robert Kappel. As a guest scholar at the Centre d’études et de recherches internationals (CERI) in Paris, I had the opportunity to concentrate on developing the book while enjoying an inspiring working atmosphere. In Johannesburg, colleagues at the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) were more than helpful. Miriam Ronzoni and her Sofja-Kovaleskaja grant gener- ously funded the editing process. My brother Florian and my friend Sara Braun helped with the revision process of the typescript. Paula Bradish greatly improved it. During field research in São Paulo, Antônio Ewbank and Olga and Nico Fallmeier were more than welcoming. In Delhi, Henrik Maihack made the trip a phenomenal experience. Thanks are also due to Hasko von Kriegstein in Jerusalem and Julian Culp in Frankfurt whose philosophical thinking improved the book immensely. ix