Cosmological Implications of Heisenberg’s Principle 9578_9789814675376_tp.indd 1 4/5/15 10:02 am May2,2013 14:6 BC:8831-ProbabilityandStatisticalTheory PST˙ws TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Cosmological Implications of Heisenberg’s Principle Julio A Gonzalo Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI 9578_9789814675376_tp.indd 2 4/5/15 10:02 am Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF HEISENBERG’S PRINCIPLE Copyright © 2015 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4675-37-6 In-house Editor: Christopher Teo Typeset by Stallion Press Email: [email protected] Printed in Singapore Christopher Teo - Cosmological Implications of Heisenberg's Principle.indd 1 4/5/2015 11:40:34 AM PREFACE The implications of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle for the study of the only universe amenable to physical observation (unlike the infinite unobservable “multiverses” so fashionable these days) are very substantial as I hope to show in this short book. The book begins in Chapter 1 with an invited lecture on “Planck, Einstein, and Mach” “given at the Pontificium Ateneum “Regina Apostolorum” in a Symposium to commemorate the fifth anniversary of Professor Stanley L. Jaki death. In that lecture I tried to put in a proper perspective the monumental contributions of Max Planck and Albert Einstein to 20th century physics and to show how both of them, early admirers of Ernst Mach, became diametrically opposed to Mach’s positivist, materialist world views. In chapters 2 to 5, brief biographical sketches of the main protagonists of Quantum Mechanics (Bohr, Sommerfeld, De Broglie, Schrödinger, Heisenberg, Jordan, Dirac, Born, Debye, Compton, Pauli, Bose, Fermi and Wigner) are given. Half of them are written by S.L. Jaki and by myself, and the rest are taken from Nobel Lectures (Nobelprize.org) to whom credit must be given here again. They were collected in “Pioneers of Quantum Physics” (J.A. Gonzalo, S.L. Jaki, J.C. del Valle, eds) (Ciencia y Cultura: Madrid, 2011). Chapter 6, on “Indeterminacy vs Uncertainty”, is devoted to show why Heisenberg’s Principle is on “uncertainty” in knowledge, rather than on “indeterminacy” in reality itself. Chapter 7 reviews briefly how Planck found (cid:61) the quantum of action, and how he recognized as universal constants k B v JULIO A. GONZALO (Boltzmann’s constant) and c (velocity of light), introducing in 20th century physics for the first time the all important concept of universal constant. In Chapter 8 are introduced in parallel with Planck’s “natural” units (based upon a few universal constants), what may be called Heisenberg-Lemaitre units, based upon Heisenberg’s principle and M ≅1055g, the mass of the entire universe, with about 1011- 1012 u galaxies, each encompassing about 1011- 1012 stars, each with an average mass of the order of the Sun mass, M ≅ 2⋅1033. s Chapter 9 is devoted to discuss the decisive implications of a finite universe. In Chapter 10 it is shown that the zero-point energy of electromagnetic radiation in the universe is enormous but finite, and it is shown also that, after decoupling (atom formation), the radiation energy density decreases as ρ (T) = ρ (T )(T T ), γ γ dec C while zero point energy density ρ (T) = ρ (T )(1−T T ), zp zp dec C insuring therefore that total energy density is conserved through cosmic expansion. In Chapter 11 recent work by Julio A. Gonzalo and Manuel Alfonseca (2014) entitled “Comment of the 1% Concordance Hubble Constant”, discusses quantitatively compact solutions of Einstein’s cosmological equations for a flat, Lambda Cold Dark Matter – (LCDM) universe and for an open (Friedman-Lemaitre) universe, and shows that the latter can be reconciled in principle with the observational evidence and that it has definite advantages to justify the largest observable galactic redshifts (z ≅10.9). Chapter 12 discusses “dark matter”, showing that it is not correct to expect Keplerian velocities for stars circulating around spiral galaxies, and the so called “dark energy” which could be vi COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF HEISENBERG'S PRINCIPLE attributed (in principle) to k< 0 (space-time curvature) as well as to Λ > 0 (non-zero cosmological constant) and, finally, cosmic “accelerated expansion”. To conclude, Chapter 13 discusses the philosophical meaning of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and its positive usefulness to gain qualitative and quantitative information on physical reality. I would like to thank Fr. Stanley L. Jaki, OSB (r.i.p.), Fr. Manuel M. Carreira SJ, Professor Manuel Alfonseca, and Professor Antonio Alfonso-Fauss for many informative discussions Madrid, 1 November 2014 Festivity of All Saints JAG vii May2,2013 14:6 BC:8831-ProbabilityandStatisticalTheory PST˙ws TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................ v Prologue .......................................................................................... 1 1. Planck, Einstein and Mach .......................................................... 5 2. About the origins of Quantum Mechanics I.............................. 17 3. About the origins of Quantum Mechanics II ............................ 29 4. About the origins of Quantum Mechanics III ........................... 45 5. About the origins of Quantum Mechanics IV ........................... 64 6. Indeterminacy vs Uncertainty ................................................... 78 7. The universal constants ............................................................. 84 8. Planck’s units and Hesisenberg-Lemaitre units ........................ 91 9. Implications of a finite universe ............................................... 98 10. Cosmic zero-point energy .................................................... 106 11. Rigorous solutions of Einstein’s cosmological equation ...... 111 12. On the evidence for dark matter, dark energy & accelerated expansion .......................................................... 121 13. On Physics and Philosophy................................................... 129 Appendix: From Scientific Cosmology to a Created Universe ............................................................................... 137 Chronology ................................................................................. 154 Glossary ...................................................................................... 158 Authour Index ............................................................................. 173 Subject Index .............................................................................. 177 ix