E R ' ' I A G ' E .· of of Journaf tfie !French-Canaiian Heritage Society Mic!zigan I . Vol. 28 #2 Apr. 2007 Correction of Catherine Baillon's Grimaldi Ancestry John P. DuLong, FCHSM member ([email protected]) Many French Canadians descend from the noble lady Catherine Baillon and through her they have ancestors far removed from the cold shores of the St. Lawrence. Among her medieval Franco-Italian ancestors who once basked in the warmth of the Mediterranean are the Grimaldis. In the Table d'ascendance de Catherine Bail/on (12 generations) two Grimaldi descents for Catherine Baillon are presented. 1 The first goes through the Grimaldi of Beuil family and the second is through the Grimaldi of Antibes family. 2 While the former stands intact, the latter is in need of correction. In the ninth generation of Catherine Baillon's ancestry she descends from Rainier Lascaris, count of Vintimille and eo-seigneur of La Briga and Limone. He was the son of Ludovic (or Louis) Lascaris, count of Vintimille, and Tiburge Grimaldi de Beuil. Rainier was married around 1400-1403 to Madeleine Grimaldi, the daughter of Luc Grimaldi and Yo lande Grimaldi, whose parents, and thus her relationship to Luc, are unknown. Luc was the brother of Marc Grimaldi, with whom he shared the seigneuries of Antibes, Cagnes, and Menton. 3 It is well established that Luc and Marc were the sons of Antoine Grimaldi who was married to Catherine Doria. 4 The issue is who are the parents of Antoine Grimaldi? In the Table d'ascendance de Catherine Baillon (12 generations) the answer to this question is that Antoine Grimaldi was the son of Rainier I Grimaldi, the founder of the family that eventually became the princes of Monaco. 5 Although the authors found no original document naming Antoine's parents, this relationship was based on three observations: 1. Rainier I Grimaldi was the seigneur of Cagnes and Villeneuve and these two seigneuries were owned by the descendants of Antoine. 6 1 Rene Jette, John Patrick DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagne, Gail F. Moreau, and Joseph A. Dube, Table d'ascendance de Catherine Bail/on (12 generations) (Montreal: Societe genealogique canadienne-franyaise, 2001), 117-118, 129- 130, 143-145, 155-158. 2 The arms of the Grimaldis used by the principality of Monaco were, with a few exceptions, apparently used by other branches of the family including the Grimaldis of Antibes. The arms are: Fusete d'argent et de gueules. The Grimaldis of Beuil used: Ecartele: au I et IV, d'or a l'etoile de seize rais de gueules (Beuil); au ll et Ill, fose/e d'argent et de gueules (Grimaldi). Pierre-Robert Garino, Annorial du comte de Nice (Nice: Serre Editeur, 2000), 67-68. 3 Antibes, Cagnes, and Menton are all in Alpes-Maritimes. 4 Franyois-Alexandre Aubert de la Chenaye-Desbois and Jacques Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, contenant /es genealogies, l'histoire et la chronologie des families nobles de France, 3rd ed. 19 vols. (Paris: Schlesinger, 1863- 1876), 9:cols. 828-829. Louis Moreri, Le grand dictionnaire historique, ou Le melange curieux de l'histoire sacree et profane, rev. ed. by Claude-Pierre Goujet and Etienne Franyois Drouet, 10 vols. (Paris, Les libraires associes, 1759), 5:377. Pol Louis Potier de Courcy, Histoire genealogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France. vol. 4 and vol. 9 in 2 parts (Paris: Firm.in Didot Freres, Fils et Cie., 1868-1879), 4: 459-460. Potier de Courcy work is a revision and updating of Anselme de Ste-Marie, Pere [alias Pierre de Guibours], Histoire genealogique et chronologique de la Maison roya/e de France, des pairs, grands officiers de la Couronne et de la Maison du Roy et des anciens barons du royaume. . . 9 vols., continued by M. Du Fourny, 3rd ed., reviewed, corrected, and augmented by P. Ange and P. Simplicien, augustins dechausses (Paris, 1723-1733), 4:492-493. 5 Jette et al., Table d'ascendance de Catherine Bail/on, 144. 6 Cagnes is now Cagnes-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes. Villeneuve is Villeneuve-Loubet, and it is just to the southwest of Cagnes. La Chenaye-Desbois and Badier, as well as Potier de Coucy, place Villeneuve in Normandie and Moreri changes its name to Neuville, but they are mistaken. La Chenaye-Desbois and Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, 9:col. 824. Moreri, Le grand dictionnaire, 5:376. Potier de Courcy, Maison royale de France, 4:457. 53 2. Charles I Grimaldi, seigneur of Monaco, and the well documented son of Rainier I, most likely had a brother named Antoine as the names Charles I and Antoine are mentioned together in numerous contemporary documents, and they were eo-seigneurs of Monaco. 3. According to Abbe Alliez, Claudine Grimaldi, the Monaco heiress and descendant of Charles I, was married in 1465 to Lambert Grimaldi, eo-seigneur of Antibes, and descendant of Antoine, and they were related in the fourth to the fifth degree of consanguinity. 7 This would be consistent with Charles I and Antoine being brothers. However, it is unclear if Alliez was calculating this relationship based on published genealogies or an original document. In addition, several leading French genealogical sources indicated that Antoine and Charles I were brothers and the sons of Rainier I Grimaldi and Marguerite Ruffo. 8 Furthermore, the nineteenth century archivist of the Principality of Monaco, Gustave Saige, refers to Antoine and Charles I as brothers in several publications of original documents. 9 A thorough analysis of the available facts reveals that Antoine and Charles I Grimaldi were not brothers but were cousins. The Grimaldis of Antibes, Beuil, and Monaco were originally from Genoa. To solve the problem of Antoine's parents and his position in the Grimaldi family, it is necessary to understand Genoese cultural practices and history during the Middle Ages. In particular, there are three points that frame the facts that will be reviewed here. 10 • The albergo was an association of minor families under the protection of a major family. The albergo worked together to achieve common goals and to protect its members. Thus, a member of an albergo would be well aware of his fellow members and there would be close ties between brothers, cousins, and others received into the albergo. It would not be uncommon for cousins, even several generations removed, to be closely associated in political, economic, and religious activities. Even in 1448, in an agreement adding the Ceba family to the Grimaldi's albergo, all the branches of the Grimaldi family are identified-Antibes, Cagnes, Beuil, Monaco, and Menton even though they were separated by several generations before this date. 11 Thus, while two Grimaldi brothers might be expected to cooperate with each other, because of the albergo system it would also be common for two distant Grimaldi cousins to work closely together or even two unrelated members of the same albergo. 12 7 Abbe Alliez, Histoire du monastere de Lerins, 2 vols. (Paris: Didier, 1862), 2:328. 8 La Chenaye-Desbois and Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, 9:col. 828. Mort~ri, Le grand dictionnaire, 5:377, pvers her surname as Ruffa. Potier de Courcy, Maison royale de France, 4:459-460. Gustave Saige, Documents historiques relatifs a la principaute de Monaco depuis le quinzieme siecle, 3 vols. (Monaco: Imprimerie du gouvemement, 1888-1891), 1:xxv, xxx, 653; 2:817 n. 1; 3:xi, 666. 10 Jean-Baptiste Robert, "Sur les origines et !'evolution historique du doit successoral de la maison des Grimaldi," Annales Monegasques 3 (1979): 171-186, 172-173. 11 Stacy Grimaldi, "Act of Aggregation of the Family ofCeba to the Family ofGrimaldi, 1448" in his Miscellaneous Writings Prose and Poetry from Printed & Manuscript Sources (London, Privately printed, 1874), 195-198, available at <http://books.google.com> (1 Oct. 2006). In general Stacy Grimaldi's work must be used with caution as he was not always critical of his sources, but as this is a translation of an original document it appears safe to use. The families eventually associated with the Grimaldi albergo between 1528 and 1576, and their arms, can be found in Angelo Scorza, Libro d'Oro del/a Nobi/ta di Genova (Genoa: Casa Editrice Orsinidemarzo.com, 1920), passim. 12 Diane Owen Hughes, "Urban Growth and Family Structure in Medieval Genoa," Past and Present no. 66 (Feb. 1975): 3-28, 7. 54 • Seigneuries were often shared among the members of an albergo following a principle of indivision Goint possession). Seigneuries were either considered common property of the albergo, or if held by individuals, it might be divided by heirs into shares. Thus many seigneuries had several eo-seigneurs. Furthermore, a person could acquire a seigneurie not only through inheritance, but through making deals between albergo members. A researcher cannot assume that because a person holding a seigneurie in one generation is the grandfather of persons two generations later holding the same land. There could have been an intervening transfer of the land between albergo members thus breaking the chain of inheritance. Despite the principle of indivision of albergo property, it was not unknown for persons to sell property to individuals outside their albergo when necessary. • Lastly, the role of conflict in Genoa and its impact on the Grimaldi family is an important background feature that must be considered. 13 In Genoa the four most prominent families were the Dorias, Spinolas, Grim.aldis, and Fieschis. In general, the first two were Ghibellines and allied to the Holy Roman Emperor while the last two were Guelphs and promoted the interests of the Pope and the Angevin rulers of Sicily and Naples. The Ghibellines and Guelphs struggled for control of Genoa and, depending on the shifting fortunes of either party; the Grimaldis were either welcomed or exiled from Genoa. The Grimaldis were exiled three times from Genoa, in 1270, 1296, and 1335.14 It is interesting to note that despite these conflicts, it was not uncommon-indeed it appears to have been the practice-to marry outside the albergo. 15 So it would be reasonable to expect to see a Grim.aldi marrying a Doria or a Spinola. This tension between parties also explains why the exiled Grimaldi sought out safer places to live along the Cote d' Azur of what would become France. Given this background to frame this case, a study of original documents involving the Grimaldis is required. Thanks to the work ofGustave Saige and Leon-Honore Labande, archivists of the principality of Monaco, the original documents concerning the history of Monaco and the Grimaldi family have been transcribed and published. There are indeed two documents which refer to Antoine Grimaldi as a brother of Charles I Grim.aldi. The first is a 1344 confirmation of an act of King Robert of Naples and Sicily by Queen Jeanne to Charles I and Antoine Grimaldi, of Genoa, brothers, appointing them as viguiers of the County of Provence and Forcalquier.16 The second document is another confirmation dated 1346 of Queen Jeanne to Charles I and Antoine Grimaldi, of Genoa, brothers, of a subsidy to guard Monaco. 17 These documents would seem to be irrefutable proof that Antoine and Charles I were brothers. However, Saige warns us that these documents are wrong in qualifying these close partners as brothers.18 The acts were prepared in Naples by clerks who assumed that Charles I and Antoine must be brothers because of their mutual interests and close interactions. 13 To learn more about the complex history of medieval Genoa and the struggles between the various factions please consult Steven A. Epstein's Genoa & the Genoese, 958-1528 (Chapel Hill, NC: The University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1996). 14 Christopher Kleinhenz, ed., Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, 2 vols. (New York: Routledge, 2004), 1:462. 15 Hughes, ''Urban Growth," 27. 16 Gustave Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle relatifs a la seigneurie de Monaco et a la maison de Grimaldi (Monaco: Imprimerie de Monaco, 1905), item CIX, 328-329, 27 Mar. 1344, Naples. A viguier is a judge in the south of France who renders justice in the name of a lord or king. 17 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item CXVIII, 349, 19 Dec. 1346, Naples. 18 Gustave Saige, Monaco: ses origine et son histoire (Monaco: Imprimerie de Monaco, 1897), 59. 55 There are numerous documents jointly naming Antoine Grimaldi and Charles I Grimaldi. They first appear together in a treaty of 1341 concluded between Simon Boccanegra, the Doge of Genoa, and the banished Genoese in Monaco. 19 In a document from 1342, they are named as eo-seigneurs of Monaco, but Antoine is also mentioned adjacent to Gabriel Grimaldi, another eo-seigneur of Monaco and Lucien ° Grimaldi, called the Red, his nephew, who was the vicar ofMonaco.2 Charles I and Antoine are named again in a document from the Commune of Florence in 1343.21 In another document of 1343, Queen Jeanne orders the annual payment of 500 florins to Charles I and Antoine to guard Monaco.22 In 1349, King Louis and Queen Jeanne ofNaples again order the payment to Charles I and Antoine Grimaldi for ~arding Monaco.23 Pope Clement VI in 1349 invited Antoine and Charles I as well as other members of thk Grimaldi family to join King Alphonse XI of Castile to crusade against the Moors in Spain.24 In a 1349 preliminary agreement between the Doge of Genoa and the Grimaldi albergo, Charles I and Antoine are again mentioned together. 25 And they appear again together in the 1350 peace terms presented to Genoa by the Grimaldis. 26 The last document they are jointly mentioned on involves their eo-possession of Monaco in 1352.27 Given the numerous times Antoine and Charles I are named together, it is easy to understand why some scholars have assumed they were brothers. However, none of these documents state the family relationship between Antoine Grimaldi and Charles I Grimaldi. In contrast, there are several documents that clearly identify the father and brothers of Antoine Grimaldi. In 1332 by order of King Robert ofNafles, Gabriel, Antoine, and Percival, the sons and heirs ofGaspard Grimaldi are given a perpetual rent. 2 In this document Gabriel is called the eldest son of Gaspard. Originally, King Robert granted this rent of 150 ounces of gold to Gaspard Grimaldi, knight of Genoa, in 1324.29 In the treaty concluded with the Dodge of Genoa in 1341, Gabriel Grimaldi is again mentioned as the son of Gaspard and Antoine and Percival both appear in this document but are not called his brother.3 0 As already mentioned, in 1342 Gabriel was one of the eo-seigneurs of Monaco and associated in this role with Antoine, and it would appear that both were the uncle to Lucien Grimaldi, called the Red, who would have been the son of Percival. 31 Lastly, in a 1343 order of Queen Jeanne, providing an annual pension to Gabriel, Antoine, and Percival, they are again called brothers and the sons and heirs of Gaspard Grimaldi of Genoa. 32 We know that Charles I Grimaldi came to depend on other members of Antoine's branch of the Grimaldi family. Between 1338 and 1341, Rabella Grimaldi, the son of Gabriel Grimaldi and the brother of Gaspard Grimaldi, was entrusted by Charles I to buy out the interest of the Ghibelline Nicolas Spinola 19 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item XCVIll, 291-306, 2 Feb. 1341, Genoa. 20 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item err, 313-315, 5 Aug. 1342, Monaco. 21 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item CIV, 317-318, 8 Apr. an 7 July 1343, Florence. 22 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item CVIll, 327-328, 3 June 1343, Naples. 23 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item CXXlll, 361-362, 1 Mar. 1349, Naples. 24 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item CXXV, 364-365, 15 June 1349, Avignon. 25 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item CXXXV, 381-383, Oct. 1349, Monaco. 26 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item CXXXVI, 383-388, 15 Apr. 1350, Monaco. 27 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item CXL, 397, 29 June 1352, Monaco. 28 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item LXXII, 3rd piece, 189-190, 24 June 1332, Castellamare de Stabia, "Gabrielis, Antonii et Percevalli de Grimaldis, familiarium et fidelium nostrorum, filiorum, heredum prefati quondam Gaspari." 29 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item LXXII, 2nd piece, 186-188, 27 July 1324. 30 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item XCVIll, 291-306,2 Feb. 1341, Genoa. 31 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item err, 313-315,5 Aug. 1342, Monaco. 32 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siec/e, item CV, 318-319, 10 May 1343, Naples, "pro Antonio, Gabriele et Percivallo, fratibus, filiis et heredibus quondam Gasparis de Grimaldis de Janua." 56 and his family's rights and property in Monaco once the Guelphs took the city back.33 Rabella would be Antoine's uncle and Charles I's cousin. 34 Lastly, the evidence from the available documents indicate that Luc and Marc Grimaldi, the sons of Antoine, did not inherit Cagnes, but that they purchased it from their cousin Rainier II Grimaldi, the son of Charles I. Vinciguerra Grimaldi renounced his rights to Cagnes to his brother Charles I in 1334.35 Queen Jeanne confirmed the sale of half of the seigneurie of Cagnes made by Rainier II Grimaldi, of Genoa, knight, to Marc and Luc Grimaldi, of Genoa, brothers in 1371.36 The ownership of nearby Villeneuve-Loubet by the Grimaldi d'Antibes branch was also most likely the result of an exchange of property rather than inheritance from Rainier I Grimaldi. What of Abbe Alliez's contention that Claudine Grimaldi and Lambert Grimaldi were related in the fourth to the fifth degree of affinity and consanguinity? Examining Alliez's text one sees that he is actually quoting a manuscript prepared by Don Theodule Bon, the last prior of Lerins (ea. 1781 ). 37 It is most likely that Bon was simply drawing a conclusion about the relationship between Claudine and Lambert based on reviewing the published genealogies of the Grimaldis available to him in the eighteenth century. 38 Bon is not alone in making the statement that Claudine and Lambert were related in the fourth and fifth degree. This statement can also be found in the work ofHenri Metivier published in 1865.39 It is known that Metivier relied on a less than accurate genealogy prepared in the seventeenth century. The source of much misinformation about the Grimaldi family appears to be Charles de Venasque's Genealogica et historica Grimadae gentis arbor printed in 1647.40 This is a rare book in North America, and I have been unable to view it, but it appears from analyzing the work of several genealogists who cite him that Venasque is the source of many mistakes in the genealogy of the Grimaldi family. In particular, Venasque made extravagant claims that the Grimaldis descended from a Norman family. It is very likely that Venasque is the person who first identified Antoine and Charles I as brothers, the sons of Rainier I Grimaldi and Marguerite Ruffo, and that their descendants Lambert and Claudine would thus be related in the fourth and fifth degree of consanguinity.41 33 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item LXXX, 231-237, 9 July 1338; item XCIX, 307-309, 12 May 1341; item C, 309-310, 12 May 1341; and item Cl, 310-312, 14 May 1341, all signed in Genoa. In this last document Rabella Grimaldi specifically acknowledges that he was acquiring the property of the Spinolas in Monaco on behalf of Charles I Grimaldi. 34 Rabella appears to have been the nickname for Bonifacio Grimaldi, the son of Gabriel Grimaldi. Natale Battilana, Genea/ogie delle Famiglie Nobi/i di Genova, 3 vols. (Genoa: Dalla Tipografia dei Fratelli Pagano, 1825-1833), 3: Grimaldi article, table 6. 35 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item LXXVII, 212-216, 27 Jan. 1334. 36 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item CLXVll, 472-475, 8 Nov. 1371, A versa. 37 Alliez, Histoire du monastere de Urins, 118, 327-330, 489. 38 Furthermore, a search of the cartulary of the abbey of Lerins does not reveal any documents relating to the relationship between Lambert and Claudine Grimaldi. Henry Moris and Edmond Blanc, Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Urins, 2 vols. (Paris: H. Champion, 1883-1905). 39 Henri Metivier, Monaco et ses princes (La Fleche, France: Imprimerie et lithographic d'Eug. Jourdain, 1865), 341. ° 4 Charles de Venasque, Genealogica et historica Grimaldae gentis arbor, eminentissimo principi Hieronymo cardinali Graimdlo sacra (Paris: Apud viduam Ioannis Le Bove, Robertvm de Nain, et Gavfridvm Le Cordier, 1647). Supposedly, Venasque was assisted by the historian Jean Le Laboureur, Quentin Bell, "The Legend of the Grimaldis," History Today 2, no. 4 (April1952):259-265, 262. Venasque was writing this work under the auspices of Prince Honore II Grimaldi of Monaco who had an interest in reinforcing his family's ties to France, hence a Norman origin was found for a Genoese family. 41 No original documents have been found to verify that Marguerite Ruffo was married to Rainier I Grimaldi or that she was the mother of either Charles I. According to Potier de Courcy, the Ruffo family is from the Calabria region ofltaly and was counts of Sinopoli, Maison royale de France, 4:457. Perhaps she was not from distant Calabria, but 57 Genealogists who relied on Venasque, such as Le Chenaye and Badier and Potier de Courcy, were skeptical of the Norman roots and ties back to the Carolingians for the Grimaldis that Venasque fabricated, they nevertheless still appear to have fallen for the idea that Antoine and Charles I were brothers and thus their descendants, Lambert and Claudine, must be related in the fourth and fifth degree. 42 Venasque' s book is now considered to be an untrustworthy reference.4 3 Thus the evidence based on original documents indicates that Antoine and Charles I were not brothers, despite their close working relationship. Rather, they were members of the Grimaldi albergo who ~ooperated with one another and trusted each other. It is interesting to note that the official Monaco Archivist, Saige, came to reject the brother's theory and to accept the cousin theory sometime between 1891 and 1897, probably under the influence of preparing the documents relating to Monaco before the fifteenth century. 44 The cousin theory is also supported by Labande and the most recently written history of the Grimaldi family.45 Lastly, the official Grimaldi family website also rejects the brother's theory.46 If Antoine Grimaldi was not the brother of Charles I Grimaldi, then what is his lineage? According to Natale Battilana, the genealogist who studied the noble families of Genoa, the correct lineage for the Grimaldi d' Antibes family would be as follows: Grimaldo, mentioned 1162, 1184, consul of Genoa, the father of 47 I Oberto Grimaldi, m. Corradina, daughter of Oberto Spinola,4 8 rather a Roffo (or Ruffo) from Genoa. This family was a member of the Grimaldi albergo. Angelo M. G. Scorza, Le Famiglie Nobili Genovesi (Genoa: Arnaldo Fomi Editore, 1924), 210-211. Scorza, Libro d'Oro, table XXXII. One wonders if perhaps Marguerite was the wife of Gaspard Grimaldi and thus indeed Antoine's mother? Further research is required to confirm or deny this theory. 42 This would make them second cousins, once removed. However, they were really sixth cousins. La Chenaye Desbois and Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, 9: col. 824; and Potier de Courcy, Maison royale de France, 4:456, specifically mention Venasque as a source they used. An analysis ofMoreri, Le grand dictionnaire, 5:376, shows that he too probably used this work. Lastly, a researcher can get idea of what other fabulous materials Venasque may have included, but which serious scholars have ignored by reviewing Stacy Grimaldi's "Descent of the Grimaldi Family" in his Miscellaneous Writings Prose and Poetry from Printed & Manuscript Sources (London, Privately printed, 1874), 262-267, available at <http://books.google.com> (1 Oct. 2006), which was apparently prepared for Burke' s Peerage ofE ngland (London, 1852). You will note how prestigious spouses are conveniently frovided for several generations. 3 Bell, "The Legend of the Grimaldis," 262. Grace L. Hudson, Monaco (Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, World Bibliography Series, no. 120, 1991), 50. 44 In the third and last volume of Saige's Documents historiques relatifs a la principaute de Monaco depuis le quinzieme siecle published in 1891 he still calls Antoine and Charles I Grimaldi brothers, xi, 666. However, by 1897 when he published his Monaco: ses origine et son histoire he has rejected the brothers theory and clearly states that they were cousins and that Antoine descends from Ingo Grimaldi, 41, 58-59, 91. Saige died n 1905 while a a preparing his Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle relatifs la seigneurie de Monaco et la maison de Grimaldi for publication so he was well aware of the documents cited in this article to prove Antoine's lineage. 45 Leon-Honore Labande, Histoire de la principaute de Monaco, 2nd ed. (Monaco: Les Editions de l'Imprimerie nationale de Monaco, 1957, 37 n. 1. Philippe Delorme, Les Grimaldi, 700 ans d'une dynastie (Paris: Editions Balland, 1996),30,55,375. 46 Vincent Grimaldi de Puget, ''The House of Grimaldi: A Very Short Introduction," <http://www.grimaldi.org> (1 Oct. 2006). Specifically, compare the Grimaldi of Antibes family table on <http://www.grimaldi.org/en!history/antibes.asp> with the Grimaldi of Monaco one on <http://www.grimaldi.org/en!history/monaco.asp>. 47 Battilana, Genealogie delle Famig/ie Nobili di Genova, 3: Grimaldi article, tables 1, 6, 12, and 18. 58 mentioned in 1188 and 1210, died 1232, the father of I Ingone Grimaldi, mentioned in 1210, 1225, and 1235, father of I Luca Grimaldi, mentioned in 1234, 1255, and 1263, father of I Gabriele Grimaldi, m. Cattarina, daughter of Giovanni Zaccaria4 9 (called a widow in 1278), mentioned in 1269 and 1271, father of I Gaspare Grimaldi, mentioned in 1277, 1309, father of, I Antonio Grimaldi, m. Argenta, daughter of Corrado Malaspina, mentioned in 1328, 1332, and 1356, the father of, I Luca Grimaldi, m. Cattarina, mentioned in 1383.50 48 Battilana, Genealogie delle Famiglie Nobili di Genova, 3: Spinola article, table 1, shows that Oberto Spinola, mentioned in 1156 and 1183, was the husband of Sibilla, the daughter of Ingone della Volta (or de Volta). His father was Guido Spinola or Visconti, consul of Genoa, mentioned in 1102, 1110, and 1126, whose wife was Alda -?-and she was a widow by 1156. The Spinolas were part of the Visconti family. Guido's father may have been Belus de Visconti, the grandson ofObertus de Maneciano, and the great-grandson ofYdo Visconti who was alive in 952. Luigi T. Belgrano, "Tavole genealogiche a corredo delta illustrazione del registro arcivescovile di Genova," Atti del/a Societa Ligure di Sotria Patria, vol. 2, part 1, appendix (1873), tables XIX, XXIX. Please note that Belgrano records that Comadina (or Corradina), the wife of Oberto Grimaldi, was the daughter of Guido Spinola, the brother of Oberto Spinola, see table XXIX. Neither Battilana nor Belgrano present the evidence they used to determine the parents of Comadina Spinola. The Spinola arms: D 'or a la fasce echiquetee d'argent et de gueules de trois tires surmontee d'un toiret ou epine de gueu/es. Garino, Armorial du comte de Nice, 99. Assuming that Comadina Spinola was indeed the daughter of Oberto Spinola and Sibilla della Volta, her grandfather would be Ingone (or lngo) de Volta flourished 1156-1163 and was married to Guilia -?-. lngone della Volta was a wealthy and prominent citizen of Genoa. The father of lngo was Wilielmus (or Guilielmus) de Volta. d. 1157 and served several times as consul of Genoa between 1123 and 1143. Wilielmus was the son of another Ingo de Volta, flourished 1134-1139, and the grandson of Merlo de Volta, who died in 1104. Belgrano, "Tavole genealogiche," table XXXVIII. Epstein, Genoa & the Genoese, 59, 80-82. Eugene H. Byme, "Genoese Trade with Syria in the Twelfth Century," American Historical Review 25, no. 2 (Jan. 1920):191-219, see 200-206. The della Volta arms were: Bandato d'argento e di rosso (Bande d'argent et de gueules). Giovanni Battista di Crollalanza, Dizionario storico-blasonico delle famiglie nobili e notabi/i italiane estinte e .fiorenti, 3 vols. in 1 (Pisa, Italy: Presso la direzione de Giornale araldico, 1886-1890),.3:110. 49 Giovanni Zaccaria was married to Emergina-?-, he flourished 1183-1248, and was the son ofOgerio Zaccaria who flourished 1182-1200 d. before 1248, and the grandson of Zaccaria (or possibly Fulcone) di Castro who flourished 1158-1160. The Zaccaria were nobles and, like so many others in Genoa, merchants. Roberto Sabatino Lopez, Genova marinara ne/ duecento Benedetto Zaccaria ammiaglio e mercante (Massina, Milano: Casa Edtrice Giuseppe Principato, Biblitece storica Pincipato, XVTI, 1933), appendix X, "Albero genealogico degli Zaccaria." The Zaccaria family is supposedly descended from the Castro or Castello family and this family in turn is derived from the Visconti family. More research is required to clarify the Zaccaria genealogy beyond Zaccaria (or Fulcone) di Castro. Belgrano, "Tavole genealogiche," tables XXIX, XXX. Scorza, Le Famiglie Nobili Genovesi, 65, 262. The arms for the Zaccaria family are also unclear. They might have been: Inquartato di rosso e d'argento (Ecarte/e de gueu/es et d'argent). Crollalanza, Dizionario storico-blasonico, 3:114. However, Scorza records two different arms: Trinciato d'oro e di rosso (D'or tranche de gueu/es); and Inquartato di rosso e d'oro (Ecarte/e de gueules et d'or). Scorza, Le Famig/ie Nobili Genovesi, 262. 50 Battilana does not mention Madeline Grimaldi, the ancestress of Catherine Baillon, but her relationship to her father, Luc Grimaldi d' Antibes, is established in his testament of 14 Jan. 1409, in which she is named as the spouse of Rene Lascaris, eo-seigneur of La Brigue (Briga). Madeline and Rene must have been married before the end of 59 An observation, a correction, and an addition must be made to Battilana's lineage for the Grimaldis of Antibes. First, Luc Grimaldi's wife is called Yolande, not Catherine, by other scholars.51 Most genealogists identify his wife as Yo lande Grimaldi, of unknown parents, but obviously a relative. However, the historian Eugene Tisserand indicates that she was Yolande de Villeneuve, the daughter of Hel ion de Villeneuve le Grand, seigneur of Trans and of Arcs, and sister of Antoine de Villeneuve who was married in 1389 to Hemeline de Grasse-du-Bar, whose dot included the seigneurie of Gourdon. 52 Unfortunately, Edme de Juigne de Lassigny's well researched and documented genealogy of the Villeneuve family fails to mention a Y olande married to Luc Grimaldi, and some of the other facts lrisserand relates about the Villeneuves do not fit into the Villeneuve genealogy. 53 Given the lack of bonfirmation, the wife ofLuc remains uncertain. Secondly, Argenta Malaspina is not the wife of Antoine Grimaldi, but rather his daughter Argentina (or Berlanda) who was married to Moruello Malaspina, Marquis of Mulazzo.54 Antoine's wife was Catherine Doria, of unknown parentage. 5 Lastly, Saige 5 adds that Otto Canella, who was consul of Genoa in 1133 and who died in 1143, was the father of Grimaldo and thus the earliest known ancestor of the Grimaldi family. 56 This lineage for Luc and Antoine Grimaldi now conforms to that found on the official Grimaldi family website. 57 The Grimaldis played an important role in the history of Genoa. Grimaldo, whose given name would became the family surname, was appointed one of the consuls of Genoa in 1162, 1170, and 1184, as well as serving as an ambassador to Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman emperor, to the king of Morocco, and to the court of the Byzantine emperor in Constantinople. 58 His son, Oberto Grimaldi, who was the first to use the surname Grimaldi, also served as an ambassador for Genoa, was an admiral, and was a commissioner of the city in 1188.59 Little is known oflngone (or Ingo) Grimaldi the son ofOberto, but Ingone's son, Luca (or Luchetto) Grimaldi, was the podesta of Milan in 1242 and fought in the Acre campaign of 1267 in the Holy Land. 60 His son, Gabriel Grimaldi, started the family tradition of serving the house of Anjou. King Charles I of Sicily rewarded Gabriel for his service with 250 livres of gold in 1403 since there was a quittance regarding her dot issued in that year. La Chenaye-Desbois and Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, 9: col. 830. Moreri, Le grand dictionnaire, 5:378. 51 La Chenaye-Desbois and Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, 9: col. 830. Moreri, Le grand dictionnaire, 5:377. Potier de Courcy, Maison royale de France, 4:460. 52 Eugene Tisserand, Histoire d'Antibes (originally published in 1876; Marseille: Laffitte Reprints, 1973), 185. 53 Edme de Juigne de Lassigny, Histoire de la maison de Villeneuve en Provence, 3 vols. (Lyon: lmpr. D'A . Rey, 1900-1902). There is a Yolande-Claude de Villeneuve who wed Rene de Grimaldi d'Antibes in 1560, but this is obviously not the Yolande who married Luc Grimaldi, 1:65. 54 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item CXXXVI, 383-388, 15 April 1530, Monaco, see 387. Davide Shama, "Genealogie delle famiglie nobili Italiane," "I Malaspina dello Spino Secco : linee di Giovagallo e Mulazzo," <http://www.sardimpex.com/malaspina/malaspina-giovagallo.htm> (7 Oct. 2006). 55 La Chenaye-Desbois and Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, 9: col. 828. Moreri, Le grand dictionnaire, 5:377. Potier de Courcy, Maison royale de France, 4:460. Although we do not know her parents, she was undoubtedly a member of the historically important Doria family of Genoa. The Doria arms: Coupe d'or sur argent, a l'aigle de sable, couronnee du meme, becquee, membree et languee de gueules, brochant sur le tout. Garino, Armorial du comte de Nice, 51. 56 Saige, Monaco, 40. The earliest known generations of the Grimaldis, including "Otto Cannella," are also found in Belgrano, "Tavole genealogiche," table XLVI. From about 1099 to 1190 Genoa was a commune ruled by four to six elected consuls who were usually nobles. In 1190 this system of government was replaced with a podesta form. A podesta is similar to a modem-day city manager but was also a judge and military commander and was expected to govern impartially. Epstein, Genoa & the Genoese, 33, 88,334 n. 147. · 57 Vincent Grimaldi de Puget, "The House of Grimaldi: A Very Short Introduction, Branch of Antibes" <http://www.grimaldi.org/en!history/ Antibes.asp> ( l Oct. 2006). 58 Kleinhenz, Medieval Italy, 1:462. Saige, Monaco, 40-41. Puget, "Branch of Antibes." 59 Saige, Monaco, 41. Puget, "Branch of Antibes." 60 Puget, "Branch of Antibes." "Storia di Milano: Cronologia di Milano dall226 al1250," <http://www.storiadimilano.it/cron/ dall226al1250.htm> (7 Oct. 2006). 60 1269 and a military sash (ceinture) of honor. 61 His son, Gaspard Grimaldi, also received a rent of 150 ounces of gold from King Robert of Naples. 62 In 1317, Gaspard was appointed, along with Charles Fieschi, a captain of the people and a rector of the community ofGenoa.63 The Grimaldi's loyalty to the house of Anjou would have been natural for a Guelph family. Gaspard's sons, Gabriel, Antoine, and Percival continued his support of the Angevin cause. Now that Antoine's place in the family genealogy is established, and particulars have been provided about the role of his ancestors, what of his place in history? Like other members of the Grimaldi family, Antoine was a warrior. Unlike his cousin, Charles I Grimaldi who usually served the king of France on land, as at the battle of Crecy in 1346 at the head of the arbalesters (crossbow men), Antoine was to fight on the seas. He served Genoa and the royal house of Naples as an admiral of galleys. As early as 1312, Antoine Grimaldi, the son of Gaspard Grimaldi, was the admiral of a fleet of thirty-six galleys in the service of King Robert ofNaples.64 In 1328, he was an admiral of Genoa and reimbursed by King Robert for the service ofhis galleys.65 In 1332, Antoine was the admiral of the Genoese fleet of forty-five ships, charged with revenging the attacks the Aragonese had made on the cost of Liguria. He ravaged the coast of Catalonia, destroying towns, and taking many prisoners and much spoils. He captured several Aragonese galleys near Majorca and closed the port of Minorca. The Aragonese sent a fleet of twenty-four ships against him, that he defeated near Minorca.66 In 1352, he commanded five galleys in the Adriatic Sea and harassed the Istria region near Venice. 67 Around 1348 Antoine was made a counselor of Queen Jeanne of Naples. In most documents he is not referred to as a knight, while his cousin Charles I Grimaldi is nearly always called a knight. Nevertheless, he may have been knighted around the same time he became a counselor to the Queen. His position, as a counselor, and his status, as a knight, both appear in the same document in which the Queen rewards him for his service with the donation of the seigneuries of Prats, Blegiers, Estublon, Chaffault, and Utelle. 68 Antoine was also known as the seigneur of the valley ofLantusque.69 Lastly, he was the eo-seigneur with Charles I Grimaldi of Monaco. 61 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item x:xn, 37-38, 16 Feb. 1269, Foggia. 62 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item LXXll, 2nd piece, 186-188, 27 July 1324. 63 Scorza, Le Famiglie Nobili Genovesi, 123. 64 Scorza, Le Famiglie Nobili Genovesi, 123. 65 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item LXXIV, 3'd piece, 199-200, 16 Apr. 1328, Naples. 66 Jean Chretien Ferdinand Hoefer, Nouvelle biographie generale, 46 vols. (Paris: Firmin Didot freres, 1852-1883), 21: cols. 71-72. Joseph F. Michaud and Louis Gabriel Michaud, Biographie universe/le, 85 vols. (Paris: Michaud freres, 1811-1862), 17: 548. 67 Roberto Damiani, "Corsari del Mediterraneo: Antonio Grimaldi," < http://www.corsaridelmediterraneo.it /corsari/g/grimaldi-antonio.html> (7 Oct. 2006). 68 Saige, Documents historiques anterieurs au quinzieme siecle, item CXXI, 357-359, 20 Dec. 1348, Naples. Prats (most likely near Digne), Blegiers, Estublon (Stoublon), and Chaffault (probably Le Chaffaut-St-Jurson) are all in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, while Utelle is in Alpes-Martimes. 69 La Chenaye-Desbois and Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, 9:col. 828. Moreri, Le grand dictionnaire, 5:377. Potier de Courcy, Maison royale de France, 4:459. This would be Lantosque, Alpes-Maritimes, and it is up stream from Utelle on the V esubie River. 61