Corpus Linguistics in Literary Analysis Corpus and Discourse Series editors: Wolfgang Teubert, University of Birmingham, and Michaela Mahlberg, University of Liverpool. Editorial Board: Paul Baker (Lancaster), Frantisek Čermák (Prague), Susan Conrad (Portland), Geoffrey Leech (Lancaster), Dominique Maingueneau (Paris XII), Christian Mair (Freiburg), Alan Partington (Bologna), Elena Tognini-Bonelli (Siena and TWC), Ruth Wodak (Lancaster), Feng Zhiwei (Beijing). Corpus linguistics provides the methodology to extract meaning from texts. Taking as its starting point the fact that language is not a mirror of reality but lets us share what we know, believe and think about reality, it focuses on language as a social phenomenon, and makes visible the attitudes and beliefs expressed by the members of a discourse community. Consisting of both spoken and written language, discourse always has historical, social, functional, and regional dimensions. Discourse can be monolingual or mul- tilingual, interconnected by translations. Discourse is where language and social studies meet. The Corpus and Discourse series consists of two strands. The fi rst, Research in Corpus and Discourse, features innovative contributions to various aspects of corpus linguis- tics and a wide range of applications, from language technology via the teaching of a second language to a history of mentalities. The second strand, Studies in Corpus and Discourse, is comprised of key texts bridging the gap between social studies and linguistics. Although equally academically rigorous, this strand will be aimed at a wider audience of academics and postgraduate students working in both disciplines. Research in Corpus and Discourse Conversation in Context A Corpus-driven Approach With a preface by Michael McCarthy Christoph Rühlemann Corpus-Based Approaches to English Language Teaching Edited by Mari Carmen Campoy, Begona Bellés-Fortuno and Ma Lluïsa Gea-Valor Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes An Analysis of Xhosa English Vivian de Klerk Evaluation and Stance in War News A Linguistic Analysis of American, British and Italian television news reporting of the 2003 Iraqi war Edited by Louann Haarman and Linda Lombardo Evaluation in Media Discourse Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus Monika Bednarek Historical Corpus Stylistics Media, Technology and Change Patrick Studer Idioms and Collocations Corpus-based Linguistic and Lexicographic Studies Edited by Christiane Fellbaum Meaningful Texts The Extraction of Semantic Information from Monolingual and Multilingual Corpora Edited by Geoff Barnbrook, Pernilla Danielsson and Michaela Mahlberg Rethinking Idiomaticity A Usage-based Approach Stefanie Wulff Working with Spanish Corpora Edited by Giovanni Parodi Studies in Corpus and Discourse Corpus Linguistics in Literary Analysis Jane Austen and her Contemporaries Bettina Fischer-Starcke English Collocation Studies The OSTI Report With an introduction by Wolfgang Teubert John Sinclair, Susan Jones and Robert Daley Edited by Ramesh Krishnamurthy Text, Discourse, and Corpora. Theory and Analysis With an introduction by John Sinclair Michael Hoey, Michaela Mahlberg, Michael Stubbs and Wolfgang Teubert This page intentionally left blank Corpus Linguistics in Literary Analysis Jane Austen and her Contemporaries Bettina Fischer-Starcke Continuum International Publishing Group The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane, Suite 704 11 York Road New York London SE1 7NX NY 10038 www.continuumbooks.com © Bettina Fischer-Starcke 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-8470-6437-0 (hardcover) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt Ltd For my family This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables xi List of Figures xii Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Stylistics and style 2 1.2 The data 8 1.3 The potential and goals of corpus stylistic analyses 10 2 Goals, techniques, principles 13 2.1 The theory 13 2.2 Corpora, texts, software 27 2.3 Concluding comments 32 3 Language and meaning 34 3.1 Stylistics and meaning 39 3.2 Stylistics – the background 40 3.3 The classics 42 3.4 Cognitive stylistics 53 3.5 Corpus stylistics 55 3.6 Concluding comments 60 4 Summary of Northanger Abbey 63 5 Keywords and concordance lines 65 5.1 Keywords in the literature 67 5.2 The text NA 70 5.3 Excursus: grammatical negation in NA 92 5.4 The corpus Austen 94 5.5 Concluding comments 105